diff --git a/apps/emqx_auth_mnesia/src/emqx_auth_mnesia.app.src b/apps/emqx_auth_mnesia/src/emqx_auth_mnesia.app.src
index 09ad7b779..da11b7d8a 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_auth_mnesia/src/emqx_auth_mnesia.app.src
+++ b/apps/emqx_auth_mnesia/src/emqx_auth_mnesia.app.src
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {application, emqx_auth_mnesia,
  [{description, "EMQX Authentication with Mnesia"},
-  {vsn, "4.3.12"}, % strict semver, bump manually
+  {vsn, "4.3.13"}, % strict semver, bump manually
   {modules, []},
   {registered, []},
   {applications, [kernel,stdlib,mnesia]},
diff --git a/apps/emqx_auth_mnesia/src/emqx_auth_mnesia.appup.src b/apps/emqx_auth_mnesia/src/emqx_auth_mnesia.appup.src
index 74d194dd3..fe2614a08 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_auth_mnesia/src/emqx_auth_mnesia.appup.src
+++ b/apps/emqx_auth_mnesia/src/emqx_auth_mnesia.appup.src
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 %% -*- mode: erlang -*-
 %% Unless you know what you are doing, DO NOT edit manually!!
 {VSN,
-  [{"4.3.11",
+  [{"4.3.12",[{load_module,emqx_auth_mnesia,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]}]},
+   {"4.3.11",
     [{load_module,emqx_auth_mnesia,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_acl_mnesia,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]}]},
    {"4.3.10",
@@ -50,7 +51,8 @@
      {load_module,emqx_acl_mnesia_cli,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_auth_mnesia_app,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]}]},
    {<<".*">>,[]}],
-  [{"4.3.11",
+  [{"4.3.12",[{load_module,emqx_auth_mnesia,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]}]},
+   {"4.3.11",
     [{load_module,emqx_auth_mnesia,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_acl_mnesia,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]}]},
    {"4.3.10",
diff --git a/apps/emqx_auth_mnesia/src/emqx_auth_mnesia.erl b/apps/emqx_auth_mnesia/src/emqx_auth_mnesia.erl
index bd1215d70..dc62ad77d 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_auth_mnesia/src/emqx_auth_mnesia.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_auth_mnesia/src/emqx_auth_mnesia.erl
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ check(ClientInfo = #{ clientid := Clientid
     MatchSpec = ets:fun2ms(fun({?TABLE, {clientid, X}, Password, InterTime}) when X =:= Clientid-> Password;
                               ({?TABLE, {username, X}, Password, InterTime}) when X =:= Username andalso X =/= undefined -> Password
                            end),
-    Info = maps:without([password], ClientInfo),
+    Info = maps:without([password, ws_cookie], ClientInfo),
     case ets:select(?TABLE, MatchSpec) of
         [] ->
             ?LOG(debug, "[Mnesia] Auth ignored, Client: ~p", [Info]);
diff --git a/apps/emqx_retainer/include/emqx_retainer.hrl b/apps/emqx_retainer/include/emqx_retainer.hrl
index d25aecc6b..dbaf8937e 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_retainer/include/emqx_retainer.hrl
+++ b/apps/emqx_retainer/include/emqx_retainer.hrl
@@ -16,5 +16,6 @@
 
 -define(APP, emqx_retainer).
 -define(TAB, ?APP).
+-define(POOL, retainer_worker_pool).
 -record(retained, {topic, msg, expiry_time}).
 
diff --git a/apps/emqx_retainer/src/emqx_retainer.app.src b/apps/emqx_retainer/src/emqx_retainer.app.src
index 1f1e5821b..5f206a155 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_retainer/src/emqx_retainer.app.src
+++ b/apps/emqx_retainer/src/emqx_retainer.app.src
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {application, emqx_retainer,
  [{description, "EMQX Retainer"},
-  {vsn, "4.4.5"}, % strict semver, bump manually!
+  {vsn, "4.4.6"}, % strict semver, bump manually!
   {modules, []},
   {registered, [emqx_retainer_sup]},
   {applications, [kernel,stdlib]},
diff --git a/apps/emqx_retainer/src/emqx_retainer.appup.src b/apps/emqx_retainer/src/emqx_retainer.appup.src
index 54413bfa2..3609fa78a 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_retainer/src/emqx_retainer.appup.src
+++ b/apps/emqx_retainer/src/emqx_retainer.appup.src
@@ -1,27 +1,25 @@
 %% -*- mode: erlang -*-
 %% Unless you know what you are doing, DO NOT edit manually!!
 {VSN,
-  [{"4.4.3",[{load_module,emqx_retainer,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]}]},
-   {"4.4.2",[{load_module,emqx_retainer,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
-             {load_module,emqx_retainer_sup,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]}
-            ]},
-   {"4.4.1",[{load_module,emqx_retainer,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
-             {load_module,emqx_retainer_sup,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]}
-            ]},
+  [{<<"4\\.4\\.[1-5]">>,
+    [{load_module,emqx_retainer_sup,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+     {apply,{emqx_retainer_sup,ensure_worker_pool_started,[]}},
+     {load_module,emqx_retainer,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]}
+    ]},
    {"4.4.0",
-    [{load_module,emqx_retainer,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
-     {load_module,emqx_retainer_cli,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
-     {load_module,emqx_retainer_sup,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]}]},
+    [{load_module,emqx_retainer_sup,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+     {apply,{emqx_retainer_sup,ensure_worker_pool_started,[]}},
+     {load_module,emqx_retainer,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+     {load_module,emqx_retainer_cli,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]}
+    ]},
    {<<".*">>,[]}],
-  [{"4.4.3",[{load_module,emqx_retainer,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]}]},
-   {"4.4.2",[{load_module,emqx_retainer,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
-             {load_module,emqx_retainer_sup,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]}
-            ]},
-   {"4.4.1",[{load_module,emqx_retainer,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
-             {load_module,emqx_retainer_sup,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]}
-            ]},
+  [{<<"4\\.4\\.[1-5]">>,
+    [{load_module,emqx_retainer_sup,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+     {load_module,emqx_retainer,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]}
+    ]},
    {"4.4.0",
-    [{load_module,emqx_retainer,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
-     {load_module,emqx_retainer_cli,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
-     {load_module,emqx_retainer_sup,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]}]},
+    [{load_module,emqx_retainer_sup,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+     {load_module,emqx_retainer,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+     {load_module,emqx_retainer_cli,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]}
+    ]},
    {<<".*">>,[]}]}.
diff --git a/apps/emqx_retainer/src/emqx_retainer.erl b/apps/emqx_retainer/src/emqx_retainer.erl
index 84e49c5be..281aacb6b 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_retainer/src/emqx_retainer.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_retainer/src/emqx_retainer.erl
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ on_session_subscribed(_, _, #{share := ShareName}) when ShareName =/= undefined
     ok;
 on_session_subscribed(_, Topic, #{rh := Rh, is_new := IsNew}) ->
     case Rh =:= 0 orelse (Rh =:= 1 andalso IsNew) of
-        true -> emqx_pool:async_submit(fun ?MODULE:dispatch/2, [self(), Topic]);
+        true -> emqx_pool:async_submit(?POOL, fun ?MODULE:dispatch/2, [self(), Topic]);
         _ -> ok
     end.
 
diff --git a/apps/emqx_retainer/src/emqx_retainer_sup.erl b/apps/emqx_retainer/src/emqx_retainer_sup.erl
index 550858afa..02ced41ef 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_retainer/src/emqx_retainer_sup.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_retainer/src/emqx_retainer_sup.erl
@@ -18,21 +18,51 @@
 
 -behaviour(supervisor).
 
--export([start_link/1]).
+-include("emqx_retainer.hrl").
+
+-export([ start_link/1
+        , ensure_worker_pool_started/0
+        , worker_pool_spec/0
+        ]).
 
 -export([init/1]).
 
 start_link(Env) ->
 	supervisor:start_link({local, ?MODULE}, ?MODULE, [Env]).
 
+ensure_worker_pool_started() ->
+    try
+        supervisor:start_child(?MODULE, worker_pool_spec())
+    catch
+        _:_ -> ignore
+    end.
+
+-dialyzer({no_match, [init/1]}).
 init([Env]) ->
-	{ok, {{one_for_one, 10, 3600},
-          [#{id       => retainer,
-             start    => {emqx_retainer, start_link, [Env]},
-             restart  => permanent,
-             shutdown => 5000,
-             type     => worker,
-             modules  => [emqx_retainer]} || not is_managed_by_modules()]}}.
+    Retainer = #{
+        id => retainer,
+        start => {emqx_retainer, start_link, [Env]},
+        restart => permanent,
+        shutdown => 5000,
+        type => worker,
+        modules => [emqx_retainer]
+    },
+    WorkerPool = worker_pool_spec(),
+    ChildSpecs = case is_managed_by_modules() of
+        false -> [Retainer, WorkerPool];
+        true -> []
+    end,
+	{ok, {{one_for_one, 10, 3600}, ChildSpecs}}.
+
+worker_pool_spec() ->
+    #{
+      id => ?POOL,
+      start => {emqx_pool_sup, start_link, [?POOL, random, {emqx_pool, start_link, []}]},
+      restart => permanent,
+      shutdown => 5000,
+      type => supervisor,
+      modules => [emqx_pool_sup]
+    }.
 
 -ifdef(EMQX_ENTERPRISE).
 
@@ -54,3 +84,4 @@ is_managed_by_modules() ->
     false.
 
 -endif.
+
diff --git a/apps/emqx_rule_engine/test/emqx_rule_engine_jwt_worker_SUITE.erl b/apps/emqx_rule_engine/test/emqx_rule_engine_jwt_worker_SUITE.erl
index 5b810ddae..8ed4f197d 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_rule_engine/test/emqx_rule_engine_jwt_worker_SUITE.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_rule_engine/test/emqx_rule_engine_jwt_worker_SUITE.erl
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ t_create_success(_Config) ->
         {Ref, token_created} ->
             ok
     after
-        1_000 ->
+        5_000 ->
             ct:fail("should have confirmed token creation; msgs: ~0p",
                     [process_info(self(), messages)])
     end,
diff --git a/changes/v4.4.17-en.md b/changes/v4.4.17-en.md
index 620ad6e38..16f235e3a 100644
--- a/changes/v4.4.17-en.md
+++ b/changes/v4.4.17-en.md
@@ -26,4 +26,10 @@
 - Fix that `Erlang distribution` can't use TLS [#9981](https://github.com/emqx/emqx/pull/9981).
   About `Erlang distribution`, See [here](https://www.emqx.io/docs/en/v4.4/advanced/cluster.html#distributed-erlang) for details.
 
-- Fixed MQTT bridge TLS connection could not verify wildcard certificate from peer[#10094](https://github.com/emqx/emqx/pull/10094).
+- Fixed MQTT bridge TLS connection could not verify wildcard certificate from peer [#10094](https://github.com/emqx/emqx/pull/10094).
+
+- Fixed the problem that EMQX could not timely clear the disconnected MQTT connection information due to a large number of retained messages [#10189](https://github.com/emqx/emqx/pull/10189).
+  Before this fix, the `emqx_retainer` plugin and the connection cleanup process of emqx shared the same process pool.
+  Therefore, if the process pool was blocked by a large number of retain messages, many disconnected MQTT connections would not be cleaned up in time.
+  For more details, see [#9409](https://github.com/emqx/emqx/issues/9409).
+  In this fix, we created a separate process pool for the `emqx_retainer` plugin to avoid this problem.
diff --git a/changes/v4.4.17-zh.md b/changes/v4.4.17-zh.md
index df07cd348..c21a8fd8b 100644
--- a/changes/v4.4.17-zh.md
+++ b/changes/v4.4.17-zh.md
@@ -25,4 +25,10 @@
 - 修复 `Erlang distribution` 无法使用 TLS 的问题 [#9981](https://github.com/emqx/emqx/pull/9981)。
   关于 `Erlang distribution`, 详见 [这里](https://www.emqx.io/docs/zh/v4.4/advanced/cluster.html)。
 
-- 修正了 MQTT 桥接 TLS 连接无法验证对端的带通配符的证书[#10094](https://github.com/emqx/emqx/pull/10094)。
+- 修正了 MQTT 桥接 TLS 连接无法验证对端的带通配符的证书 [#10094](https://github.com/emqx/emqx/pull/10094)。
+
+- 修复由于大量 retain 消息导致 EMQX 无法及时清除已掉线的 MQTT 连接信息的问题。[#10189](https://github.com/emqx/emqx/pull/10189)。
+  在此修复之前，`emqx_retainer` 插件和 emqx 的连接信息清理过程共用了同一个进程池，所以
+  如果该进程池被大量的 retain 消息下发任务阻塞时，许多已经掉线的 MQTT 连接将得不到及时清理。
+  问题详情见 [#9409](https://github.com/emqx/emqx/issues/9409)。
+  在此修复中，我们给 `emqx_retainer` 插件创建了单独的进程池，从而避免了该问题。
diff --git a/src/emqx.appup.src b/src/emqx.appup.src
index 8dc543d4d..96e8a8a17 100644
--- a/src/emqx.appup.src
+++ b/src/emqx.appup.src
@@ -1,13 +1,21 @@
 %% -*- mode: erlang -*-
 %% Unless you know what you are doing, DO NOT edit manually!!
 {VSN,
-  [{"4.4.15",
-    [{load_module,emqx,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+  [{"4.4.16",
+    [{load_module,emqx_pool,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+     {load_module,emqx_misc,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+     {load_module,emqx_relup,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+     {load_module,emqx_app,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]}]},
+   {"4.4.15",
+    [{load_module,emqx_pool,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+     {load_module,emqx,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+     {load_module,emqx_misc,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_packet,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_relup,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_app,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]}]},
    {"4.4.14",
-    [{load_module,emqx_vm,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+    [{load_module,emqx_pool,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+     {load_module,emqx_vm,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_keepalive,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_broker,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_banned,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
@@ -20,7 +28,8 @@
      {load_module,emqx_app,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_rule_actions_trans,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]}]},
    {"4.4.13",
-    [{load_module,emqx_vm,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+    [{load_module,emqx_pool,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+     {load_module,emqx_vm,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_keepalive,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_broker,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_banned,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
@@ -34,7 +43,8 @@
      {load_module,emqx_relup,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_app,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]}]},
    {"4.4.12",
-    [{load_module,emqx_vm,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+    [{load_module,emqx_pool,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+     {load_module,emqx_vm,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_keepalive,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_broker,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_banned,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
@@ -48,7 +58,8 @@
      {load_module,emqx_relup,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_app,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]}]},
    {"4.4.11",
-    [{load_module,emqx_vm,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+    [{load_module,emqx_pool,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+     {load_module,emqx_vm,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_keepalive,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_broker,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_banned,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
@@ -65,7 +76,8 @@
      {load_module,emqx_session,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_channel,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]}]},
    {"4.4.10",
-    [{load_module,emqx_vm,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+    [{load_module,emqx_pool,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+     {load_module,emqx_vm,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_keepalive,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_broker,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_banned,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
@@ -91,7 +103,8 @@
      {apply,{application,set_env,
                          [gen_rpc,insecure_auth_fallback_allowed,true]}}]},
    {"4.4.9",
-    [{load_module,emqx_vm,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+    [{load_module,emqx_pool,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+     {load_module,emqx_vm,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_keepalive,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_broker,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_banned,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
@@ -123,7 +136,8 @@
      {apply,{application,set_env,
                          [gen_rpc,insecure_auth_fallback_allowed,true]}}]},
    {"4.4.8",
-    [{load_module,emqx_vm,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+    [{load_module,emqx_pool,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+     {load_module,emqx_vm,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_keepalive,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_broker,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_banned,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
@@ -156,7 +170,8 @@
      {apply,{application,set_env,
                          [gen_rpc,insecure_auth_fallback_allowed,true]}}]},
    {"4.4.7",
-    [{load_module,emqx_vm,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+    [{load_module,emqx_pool,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+     {load_module,emqx_vm,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_keepalive,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_broker,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_banned,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
@@ -189,7 +204,8 @@
      {apply,{application,set_env,
                          [gen_rpc,insecure_auth_fallback_allowed,true]}}]},
    {"4.4.6",
-    [{load_module,emqx_vm,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+    [{load_module,emqx_pool,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+     {load_module,emqx_vm,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_keepalive,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_broker,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_banned,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
@@ -222,7 +238,8 @@
      {apply,{application,set_env,
                          [gen_rpc,insecure_auth_fallback_allowed,true]}}]},
    {"4.4.5",
-    [{load_module,emqx_vm,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+    [{load_module,emqx_pool,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+     {load_module,emqx_vm,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_keepalive,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_broker,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_banned,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
@@ -257,7 +274,8 @@
      {apply,{application,set_env,
                          [gen_rpc,insecure_auth_fallback_allowed,true]}}]},
    {"4.4.4",
-    [{load_module,emqx_vm,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+    [{load_module,emqx_pool,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+     {load_module,emqx_vm,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_keepalive,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_banned,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_rule_actions_trans,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
@@ -298,7 +316,8 @@
      {apply,{application,set_env,
                          [gen_rpc,insecure_auth_fallback_allowed,true]}}]},
    {"4.4.3",
-    [{load_module,emqx_vm,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+    [{load_module,emqx_pool,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+     {load_module,emqx_vm,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_keepalive,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_banned,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_rule_actions_trans,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
@@ -345,7 +364,8 @@
      {apply,{application,set_env,
                          [gen_rpc,insecure_auth_fallback_allowed,true]}}]},
    {"4.4.2",
-    [{load_module,emqx_vm,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+    [{load_module,emqx_pool,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+     {load_module,emqx_vm,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_keepalive,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_banned,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_rule_actions_trans,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
@@ -393,7 +413,8 @@
      {apply,{application,set_env,
                          [gen_rpc,insecure_auth_fallback_allowed,true]}}]},
    {"4.4.1",
-    [{load_module,emqx_vm,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+    [{load_module,emqx_pool,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+     {load_module,emqx_vm,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_keepalive,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_rule_actions_trans,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {add_module,emqx_cover},
@@ -445,7 +466,8 @@
      {apply,{application,set_env,
                          [gen_rpc,insecure_auth_fallback_allowed,true]}}]},
    {"4.4.0",
-    [{load_module,emqx_vm,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+    [{load_module,emqx_pool,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+     {load_module,emqx_vm,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_keepalive,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_rule_actions_trans,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {add_module,emqx_cover},
@@ -499,13 +521,21 @@
      {apply,{application,set_env,
                          [gen_rpc,insecure_auth_fallback_allowed,true]}}]},
    {<<".*">>,[]}],
-  [{"4.4.15",
-    [{load_module,emqx,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+  [{"4.4.16",
+    [{load_module,emqx_pool,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+     {load_module,emqx_misc,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+     {load_module,emqx_relup,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+     {load_module,emqx_app,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]}]},
+   {"4.4.15",
+    [{load_module,emqx_pool,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+     {load_module,emqx,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+     {load_module,emqx_misc,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_packet,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_relup,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_app,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]}]},
    {"4.4.14",
-    [{load_module,emqx_vm,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+    [{load_module,emqx_pool,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+     {load_module,emqx_vm,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_keepalive,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_broker,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_banned,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
@@ -518,7 +548,8 @@
      {load_module,emqx_app,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_rule_actions_trans,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]}]},
    {"4.4.13",
-    [{load_module,emqx_vm,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+    [{load_module,emqx_pool,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+     {load_module,emqx_vm,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_keepalive,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_broker,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_banned,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
@@ -532,7 +563,8 @@
      {load_module,emqx_relup,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_app,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]}]},
    {"4.4.12",
-    [{load_module,emqx_vm,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+    [{load_module,emqx_pool,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+     {load_module,emqx_vm,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_keepalive,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_broker,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_banned,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
@@ -546,7 +578,8 @@
      {load_module,emqx_relup,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_app,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]}]},
    {"4.4.11",
-    [{load_module,emqx_vm,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+    [{load_module,emqx_pool,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+     {load_module,emqx_vm,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_keepalive,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_broker,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_banned,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
@@ -563,7 +596,8 @@
      {load_module,emqx_session,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {delete_module,emqx_cover}]},
    {"4.4.10",
-    [{load_module,emqx_vm,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+    [{load_module,emqx_pool,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+     {load_module,emqx_vm,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_keepalive,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_broker,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_banned,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
@@ -586,7 +620,8 @@
      {delete_module,emqx_crl_cache},
      {delete_module,emqx_ocsp_cache}]},
    {"4.4.9",
-    [{load_module,emqx_vm,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+    [{load_module,emqx_pool,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+     {load_module,emqx_vm,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_keepalive,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_broker,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_banned,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
@@ -614,7 +649,8 @@
      {delete_module,emqx_crl_cache},
      {delete_module,emqx_ocsp_cache}]},
    {"4.4.8",
-    [{load_module,emqx_vm,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+    [{load_module,emqx_pool,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+     {load_module,emqx_vm,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_keepalive,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_broker,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_banned,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
@@ -643,7 +679,8 @@
      {delete_module,emqx_crl_cache},
      {delete_module,emqx_ocsp_cache}]},
    {"4.4.7",
-    [{load_module,emqx_vm,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+    [{load_module,emqx_pool,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+     {load_module,emqx_vm,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_keepalive,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_broker,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_banned,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
@@ -672,7 +709,8 @@
      {delete_module,emqx_crl_cache},
      {delete_module,emqx_ocsp_cache}]},
    {"4.4.6",
-    [{load_module,emqx_vm,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+    [{load_module,emqx_pool,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+     {load_module,emqx_vm,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_keepalive,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_broker,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_banned,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
@@ -701,7 +739,8 @@
      {delete_module,emqx_crl_cache},
      {delete_module,emqx_ocsp_cache}]},
    {"4.4.5",
-    [{load_module,emqx_vm,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+    [{load_module,emqx_pool,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+     {load_module,emqx_vm,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_keepalive,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_broker,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_banned,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
@@ -732,7 +771,8 @@
      {delete_module,emqx_crl_cache},
      {delete_module,emqx_ocsp_cache}]},
    {"4.4.4",
-    [{load_module,emqx_vm,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+    [{load_module,emqx_pool,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+     {load_module,emqx_vm,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_keepalive,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_banned,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_rule_actions_trans,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
@@ -769,7 +809,8 @@
      {delete_module,emqx_crl_cache},
      {delete_module,emqx_ocsp_cache}]},
    {"4.4.3",
-    [{load_module,emqx_vm,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+    [{load_module,emqx_pool,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+     {load_module,emqx_vm,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_keepalive,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_banned,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_rule_actions_trans,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
@@ -811,7 +852,8 @@
      {delete_module,emqx_crl_cache},
      {delete_module,emqx_ocsp_cache}]},
    {"4.4.2",
-    [{load_module,emqx_vm,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+    [{load_module,emqx_pool,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+     {load_module,emqx_vm,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_keepalive,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_banned,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_rule_actions_trans,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
@@ -854,7 +896,8 @@
      {delete_module,emqx_crl_cache},
      {delete_module,emqx_ocsp_cache}]},
    {"4.4.1",
-    [{load_module,emqx_vm,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+    [{load_module,emqx_pool,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+     {load_module,emqx_vm,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_keepalive,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_rule_actions_trans,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_kernel_sup,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
@@ -901,7 +944,8 @@
      {delete_module,emqx_crl_cache},
      {delete_module,emqx_ocsp_cache}]},
    {"4.4.0",
-    [{load_module,emqx_vm,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+    [{load_module,emqx_pool,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
+     {load_module,emqx_vm,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_keepalive,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_rule_actions_trans,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
      {load_module,emqx_kernel_sup,brutal_purge,soft_purge,[]},
diff --git a/src/emqx_misc.erl b/src/emqx_misc.erl
index 4d8f9f464..09ce4a457 100644
--- a/src/emqx_misc.erl
+++ b/src/emqx_misc.erl
@@ -507,6 +507,9 @@ safe_io_device() ->
             standard_error
     end.
 
+is_sensitive_key(ws_cookie) -> true;
+is_sensitive_key("ws_cookie") -> true;
+is_sensitive_key(<<"ws_cookie">>) -> true;
 is_sensitive_key(token) -> true;
 is_sensitive_key("token") -> true;
 is_sensitive_key(<<"token">>) -> true;
diff --git a/src/emqx_pool.erl b/src/emqx_pool.erl
index ae1ed1d23..0872b4186 100644
--- a/src/emqx_pool.erl
+++ b/src/emqx_pool.erl
@@ -28,8 +28,10 @@
 
 -export([ submit/1
         , submit/2
+        , submit/3
         , async_submit/1
         , async_submit/2
+        , async_submit/3
         ]).
 
 -ifdef(TEST).
@@ -56,7 +58,7 @@
 %% @doc Start pool.
 -spec(start_link(atom(), pos_integer()) -> startlink_ret()).
 start_link(Pool, Id) ->
-    gen_server:start_link({local, emqx_misc:proc_name(?MODULE, Id)},
+    gen_server:start_link({local, emqx_misc:proc_name(Pool, Id)},
                           ?MODULE, [Pool, Id], [{hibernate_after, 1000}]).
 
 %% @doc Submit work to the pool.
@@ -68,9 +70,9 @@ submit(Task) ->
 submit(Fun, Args) ->
     call({submit, {Fun, Args}}).
 
-%% @private
-call(Req) ->
-    gen_server:call(worker(), Req, infinity).
+-spec(submit(atom(), fun(), list(any())) -> any()).
+submit(Pool, Fun, Args) ->
+    call(Pool, {submit, {Fun, Args}}).
 
 %% @doc Submit work to the pool asynchronously.
 -spec(async_submit(task()) -> ok).
@@ -81,14 +83,30 @@ async_submit(Task) ->
 async_submit(Fun, Args) ->
     cast({async_submit, {Fun, Args}}).
 
+-spec(async_submit(atom(), fun(), list(any())) -> ok).
+async_submit(Pool, Fun, Args) ->
+    cast(Pool, {async_submit, {Fun, Args}}).
+
+%% @private
+call(Req) ->
+    gen_server:call(worker(), Req, infinity).
+
+call(Pool, Req) ->
+    gen_server:call(worker(Pool), Req, infinity).
+
 %% @private
 cast(Msg) ->
     gen_server:cast(worker(), Msg).
+cast(Pool, Msg) ->
+    gen_server:cast(worker(Pool), Msg).
 
 %% @private
 worker() ->
     gproc_pool:pick_worker(?POOL).
 
+worker(Pool) ->
+    gproc_pool:pick_worker(Pool).
+
 %%--------------------------------------------------------------------
 %% gen_server callbacks
 %%--------------------------------------------------------------------