diff --git a/apps/emqx/src/emqx_limiter/src/emqx_limiter_schema.erl b/apps/emqx/src/emqx_limiter/src/emqx_limiter_schema.erl
index 4679a8d04..e2951c302 100644
--- a/apps/emqx/src/emqx_limiter/src/emqx_limiter_schema.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx/src/emqx_limiter/src/emqx_limiter_schema.erl
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ fields(client_opts) ->
             )},
         {max_retry_time,
             ?HOCON(
-                emqx_schema:duration(),
+                emqx_schema:timeout_duration(),
                 #{
                     desc => ?DESC(max_retry_time),
                     default => <<"1h">>,
diff --git a/apps/emqx/src/emqx_schema.erl b/apps/emqx/src/emqx_schema.erl
index ab3d7bf71..37d5350a5 100644
--- a/apps/emqx/src/emqx_schema.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx/src/emqx_schema.erl
@@ -30,9 +30,19 @@
 -include_lib("hocon/include/hoconsc.hrl").
 -include_lib("logger.hrl").
 
+-define(MAX_INT_TIMEOUT_MS, 4294967295).
+%% floor(?MAX_INT_TIMEOUT_MS / 1000).
+-define(MAX_INT_TIMEOUT_S, 4294967).
+
 -type duration() :: integer().
 -type duration_s() :: integer().
 -type duration_ms() :: integer().
+%% ?MAX_INT_TIMEOUT is defined loosely in some OTP modules like
+%% `erpc', `rpc' `gen' and `peer', despite affecting `receive' blocks
+%% as well.  It's `2^32 - 1'.
+-type timeout_duration() :: 0..?MAX_INT_TIMEOUT_MS.
+-type timeout_duration_s() :: 0..?MAX_INT_TIMEOUT_S.
+-type timeout_duration_ms() :: 0..?MAX_INT_TIMEOUT_MS.
 -type bytesize() :: integer().
 -type wordsize() :: bytesize().
 -type percent() :: float().
@@ -56,6 +66,9 @@
 -typerefl_from_string({duration/0, emqx_schema, to_duration}).
 -typerefl_from_string({duration_s/0, emqx_schema, to_duration_s}).
 -typerefl_from_string({duration_ms/0, emqx_schema, to_duration_ms}).
+-typerefl_from_string({timeout_duration/0, emqx_schema, to_timeout_duration}).
+-typerefl_from_string({timeout_duration_s/0, emqx_schema, to_timeout_duration_s}).
+-typerefl_from_string({timeout_duration_ms/0, emqx_schema, to_timeout_duration_ms}).
 -typerefl_from_string({bytesize/0, emqx_schema, to_bytesize}).
 -typerefl_from_string({wordsize/0, emqx_schema, to_wordsize}).
 -typerefl_from_string({percent/0, emqx_schema, to_percent}).
@@ -91,6 +104,9 @@
     to_duration/1,
     to_duration_s/1,
     to_duration_ms/1,
+    to_timeout_duration/1,
+    to_timeout_duration_s/1,
+    to_timeout_duration_ms/1,
     mk_duration/2,
     to_bytesize/1,
     to_wordsize/1,
@@ -127,6 +143,9 @@
     duration/0,
     duration_s/0,
     duration_ms/0,
+    timeout_duration/0,
+    timeout_duration_s/0,
+    timeout_duration_ms/0,
     bytesize/0,
     wordsize/0,
     percent/0,
@@ -1037,7 +1056,7 @@ fields("mqtt_quic_listener") ->
             )},
         {"idle_timeout",
             sc(
-                duration_ms(),
+                timeout_duration_ms(),
                 #{
                     default => 0,
                     desc => ?DESC(fields_mqtt_quic_listener_idle_timeout),
@@ -1054,7 +1073,7 @@ fields("mqtt_quic_listener") ->
             )},
         {"handshake_idle_timeout",
             sc(
-                duration_ms(),
+                timeout_duration_ms(),
                 #{
                     default => <<"10s">>,
                     desc => ?DESC(fields_mqtt_quic_listener_handshake_idle_timeout),
@@ -1071,7 +1090,7 @@ fields("mqtt_quic_listener") ->
             )},
         {"keep_alive_interval",
             sc(
-                duration_ms(),
+                timeout_duration_ms(),
                 #{
                     default => 0,
                     desc => ?DESC(fields_mqtt_quic_listener_keep_alive_interval),
@@ -2637,6 +2656,37 @@ to_duration_ms(Str) ->
         _ -> {error, Str}
     end.
 
+-spec to_timeout_duration(Input) -> {ok, timeout_duration()} | {error, Input} when
+    Input :: string() | binary().
+to_timeout_duration(Str) ->
+    do_to_timeout_duration(Str, fun to_duration/1, ?MAX_INT_TIMEOUT_MS, "ms").
+
+-spec to_timeout_duration_ms(Input) -> {ok, timeout_duration_ms()} | {error, Input} when
+    Input :: string() | binary().
+to_timeout_duration_ms(Str) ->
+    do_to_timeout_duration(Str, fun to_duration_ms/1, ?MAX_INT_TIMEOUT_MS, "ms").
+
+-spec to_timeout_duration_s(Input) -> {ok, timeout_duration_s()} | {error, Input} when
+    Input :: string() | binary().
+to_timeout_duration_s(Str) ->
+    do_to_timeout_duration(Str, fun to_duration_s/1, ?MAX_INT_TIMEOUT_S, "s").
+
+do_to_timeout_duration(Str, Fn, Max, Unit) ->
+    case Fn(Str) of
+        {ok, I} ->
+            case I =< Max of
+                true ->
+                    {ok, I};
+                false ->
+                    Msg = lists:flatten(
+                        io_lib:format("timeout value too large (max: ~b ~s)", [Max, Unit])
+                    ),
+                    throw(Msg)
+            end;
+        Err ->
+            Err
+    end.
+
 to_bytesize(Str) ->
     case hocon_postprocess:bytesize(Str) of
         I when is_integer(I) -> {ok, I};
diff --git a/apps/emqx/test/emqx_proper_types.erl b/apps/emqx/test/emqx_proper_types.erl
index e1d95227b..c1b41c292 100644
--- a/apps/emqx/test/emqx_proper_types.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx/test/emqx_proper_types.erl
@@ -45,7 +45,9 @@
     limited_atom/0,
     limited_latin_atom/0,
     printable_utf8/0,
-    printable_codepoint/0
+    printable_codepoint/0,
+    raw_duration/0,
+    large_raw_duration/0
 ]).
 
 %% Generic Types
@@ -629,6 +631,20 @@ printable_codepoint() ->
         {1, range(16#E000, 16#FFFD)}
     ]).
 
+raw_duration() ->
+    ?LET(
+        {Value, Unit},
+        {pos_integer(), oneof([<<"d">>, <<"h">>, <<"m">>, <<"s">>, <<"ms">>])},
+        <<(integer_to_binary(Value))/binary, Unit/binary>>
+    ).
+
+large_raw_duration() ->
+    ?LET(
+        {Value, Unit},
+        {range(1_000_000, inf), oneof([<<"d">>, <<"h">>, <<"m">>])},
+        <<(integer_to_binary(Value))/binary, Unit/binary>>
+    ).
+
 %%--------------------------------------------------------------------
 %% Iterators
 %%--------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/apps/emqx/test/emqx_schema_tests.erl b/apps/emqx/test/emqx_schema_tests.erl
index 3dcfa331e..ad2341460 100644
--- a/apps/emqx/test/emqx_schema_tests.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx/test/emqx_schema_tests.erl
@@ -809,3 +809,31 @@ set_envs([{_Name, _Value} | _] = Envs) ->
 
 unset_envs([{_Name, _Value} | _] = Envs) ->
     lists:map(fun({Name, _}) -> os:unsetenv(Name) end, Envs).
+
+timeout_types_test_() ->
+    [
+        ?_assertEqual(
+            {ok, 4294967295},
+            typerefl:from_string(emqx_schema:timeout_duration(), <<"4294967295ms">>)
+        ),
+        ?_assertEqual(
+            {ok, 4294967295},
+            typerefl:from_string(emqx_schema:timeout_duration_ms(), <<"4294967295ms">>)
+        ),
+        ?_assertEqual(
+            {ok, 4294967},
+            typerefl:from_string(emqx_schema:timeout_duration_s(), <<"4294967000ms">>)
+        ),
+        ?_assertThrow(
+            "timeout value too large (max: 4294967295 ms)",
+            typerefl:from_string(emqx_schema:timeout_duration(), <<"4294967296ms">>)
+        ),
+        ?_assertThrow(
+            "timeout value too large (max: 4294967295 ms)",
+            typerefl:from_string(emqx_schema:timeout_duration_ms(), <<"4294967296ms">>)
+        ),
+        ?_assertThrow(
+            "timeout value too large (max: 4294967 s)",
+            typerefl:from_string(emqx_schema:timeout_duration_s(), <<"4294967001ms">>)
+        )
+    ].
diff --git a/apps/emqx/test/props/prop_emqx_schema.erl b/apps/emqx/test/props/prop_emqx_schema.erl
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5d5e8f017
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/emqx/test/props/prop_emqx_schema.erl
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+%%--------------------------------------------------------------------
+%% Copyright (c) 2023 EMQ Technologies Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
+%%
+%% Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+%% you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+%% You may obtain a copy of the License at
+%%
+%%     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+%%
+%% Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+%% distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+%% WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+%% See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+%% limitations under the License.
+%%--------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+-module(prop_emqx_schema).
+
+-include_lib("proper/include/proper.hrl").
+-include_lib("eunit/include/eunit.hrl").
+
+-define(MAX_INT_TIMEOUT_MS, 4294967295).
+
+%%--------------------------------------------------------------------
+%% Helper fns
+%%--------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+parse(Value, Type) ->
+    typerefl:from_string(Type, Value).
+
+timeout_within_bounds(RawDuration) ->
+    case emqx_schema:to_duration_ms(RawDuration) of
+        {ok, I} when I =< ?MAX_INT_TIMEOUT_MS ->
+            true;
+        _ ->
+            false
+    end.
+
+parses_the_same(Value, Type1, Type2) ->
+    parse(Value, Type1) =:= parse(Value, Type2).
+
+%%--------------------------------------------------------------------
+%% Properties
+%%--------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+prop_timeout_duration_refines_duration() ->
+    ?FORALL(
+        RawDuration,
+        emqx_proper_types:raw_duration(),
+        ?IMPLIES(
+            timeout_within_bounds(RawDuration),
+            parses_the_same(RawDuration, emqx_schema:duration(), emqx_schema:timeout_duration())
+        )
+    ).
+
+prop_timeout_duration_ms_refines_duration_ms() ->
+    ?FORALL(
+        RawDuration,
+        emqx_proper_types:raw_duration(),
+        ?IMPLIES(
+            timeout_within_bounds(RawDuration),
+            parses_the_same(
+                RawDuration, emqx_schema:duration_ms(), emqx_schema:timeout_duration_ms()
+            )
+        )
+    ).
+
+prop_timeout_duration_s_refines_duration_s() ->
+    ?FORALL(
+        RawDuration,
+        emqx_proper_types:raw_duration(),
+        ?IMPLIES(
+            timeout_within_bounds(RawDuration),
+            parses_the_same(RawDuration, emqx_schema:duration_s(), emqx_schema:timeout_duration_s())
+        )
+    ).
+
+prop_timeout_duration_is_valid_for_receive_after() ->
+    ?FORALL(
+        RawDuration,
+        emqx_proper_types:large_raw_duration(),
+        ?IMPLIES(
+            not timeout_within_bounds(RawDuration),
+            begin
+                %% we have to use the the non-strict version, because it's invalid
+                {ok, Timeout} = parse(RawDuration, emqx_schema:duration()),
+                Ref = make_ref(),
+                timer:send_after(20, {Ref, ok}),
+                ?assertError(
+                    timeout_value,
+                    receive
+                        {Ref, ok} -> error(should_be_invalid)
+                    after Timeout -> error(should_be_invalid)
+                    end
+                ),
+                true
+            end
+        )
+    ).
diff --git a/apps/emqx_bridge_clickhouse/src/emqx_bridge_clickhouse_connector.erl b/apps/emqx_bridge_clickhouse/src/emqx_bridge_clickhouse_connector.erl
index aefd9112f..5d975cca7 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_bridge_clickhouse/src/emqx_bridge_clickhouse_connector.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_bridge_clickhouse/src/emqx_bridge_clickhouse_connector.erl
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ fields(config) ->
             )},
         {connect_timeout,
             hoconsc:mk(
-                emqx_schema:duration_ms(),
+                emqx_schema:timeout_duration_ms(),
                 #{
                     default => <<"15s">>,
                     desc => ?DESC("connect_timeout")
diff --git a/apps/emqx_bridge_gcp_pubsub/src/emqx_bridge_gcp_pubsub.erl b/apps/emqx_bridge_gcp_pubsub/src/emqx_bridge_gcp_pubsub.erl
index 70109a0ea..1bd21ce5c 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_bridge_gcp_pubsub/src/emqx_bridge_gcp_pubsub.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_bridge_gcp_pubsub/src/emqx_bridge_gcp_pubsub.erl
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ fields(bridge_config) ->
     [
         {connect_timeout,
             sc(
-                emqx_schema:duration_ms(),
+                emqx_schema:timeout_duration_ms(),
                 #{
                     default => <<"15s">>,
                     desc => ?DESC("connect_timeout")
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ fields(bridge_config) ->
             )},
         {request_timeout,
             sc(
-                emqx_schema:duration_ms(),
+                emqx_schema:timeout_duration_ms(),
                 #{
                     required => false,
                     deprecated => {since, "e5.0.1"},
diff --git a/apps/emqx_bridge_influxdb/src/emqx_bridge_influxdb.app.src b/apps/emqx_bridge_influxdb/src/emqx_bridge_influxdb.app.src
index 14d881399..80b708582 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_bridge_influxdb/src/emqx_bridge_influxdb.app.src
+++ b/apps/emqx_bridge_influxdb/src/emqx_bridge_influxdb.app.src
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {application, emqx_bridge_influxdb, [
     {description, "EMQX Enterprise InfluxDB Bridge"},
-    {vsn, "0.1.1"},
+    {vsn, "0.1.2"},
     {registered, []},
     {applications, [kernel, stdlib, influxdb]},
     {env, []},
diff --git a/apps/emqx_bridge_influxdb/src/emqx_bridge_influxdb_connector.erl b/apps/emqx_bridge_influxdb/src/emqx_bridge_influxdb_connector.erl
index 2f65f7902..05e7c11b2 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_bridge_influxdb/src/emqx_bridge_influxdb_connector.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_bridge_influxdb/src/emqx_bridge_influxdb_connector.erl
@@ -39,6 +39,9 @@
 
 -type ts_precision() :: ns | us | ms | s.
 
+%% Allocatable resources
+-define(influx_client, influx_client).
+
 -define(INFLUXDB_DEFAULT_PORT, 8086).
 
 %% influxdb servers don't need parse
@@ -53,10 +56,20 @@
 callback_mode() -> async_if_possible.
 
 on_start(InstId, Config) ->
+    %% InstID as pool would be handled by influxdb client
+    %% so there is no need to allocate pool_name here
+    %% ehttpc for influxdb-v1/v2,
+    %% ecpool for influxdb-udp
+    %% See: influxdb:start_client/1
     start_client(InstId, Config).
 
-on_stop(_InstId, #{client := Client}) ->
-    influxdb:stop_client(Client).
+on_stop(InstId, _State) ->
+    case emqx_resource:get_allocated_resources(InstId) of
+        #{?influx_client := Client} ->
+            influxdb:stop_client(Client);
+        _ ->
+            ok
+    end.
 
 on_query(InstId, {send_message, Data}, _State = #{write_syntax := SyntaxLines, client := Client}) ->
     case data_to_points(Data, SyntaxLines) of
@@ -220,8 +233,12 @@ start_client(InstId, Config) ->
         config => emqx_utils:redact(Config),
         client_config => emqx_utils:redact(ClientConfig)
     }),
-    try
-        do_start_client(InstId, ClientConfig, Config)
+    try do_start_client(InstId, ClientConfig, Config) of
+        Res = {ok, #{client := Client}} ->
+            ok = emqx_resource:allocate_resource(InstId, ?influx_client, Client),
+            Res;
+        {error, Reason} ->
+            {error, Reason}
     catch
         E:R:S ->
             ?tp(influxdb_connector_start_exception, #{error => {E, R}}),
diff --git a/apps/emqx_bridge_iotdb/src/emqx_bridge_iotdb.erl b/apps/emqx_bridge_iotdb/src/emqx_bridge_iotdb.erl
index 2948bd59c..9a9e95b65 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_bridge_iotdb/src/emqx_bridge_iotdb.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_bridge_iotdb/src/emqx_bridge_iotdb.erl
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ request_config() ->
             )},
         {request_timeout,
             mk(
-                emqx_schema:duration_ms(),
+                emqx_schema:timeout_duration_ms(),
                 #{
                     default => <<"15s">>,
                     desc => ?DESC("config_request_timeout")
diff --git a/apps/emqx_bridge_kafka/src/emqx_bridge_kafka.erl b/apps/emqx_bridge_kafka/src/emqx_bridge_kafka.erl
index 73a71787e..64f2394c4 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_bridge_kafka/src/emqx_bridge_kafka.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_bridge_kafka/src/emqx_bridge_kafka.erl
@@ -165,20 +165,20 @@ fields("config") ->
                 }
             )},
         {connect_timeout,
-            mk(emqx_schema:duration_ms(), #{
+            mk(emqx_schema:timeout_duration_ms(), #{
                 default => <<"5s">>,
                 desc => ?DESC(connect_timeout)
             })},
         {min_metadata_refresh_interval,
             mk(
-                emqx_schema:duration_ms(),
+                emqx_schema:timeout_duration_ms(),
                 #{
                     default => <<"3s">>,
                     desc => ?DESC(min_metadata_refresh_interval)
                 }
             )},
         {metadata_request_timeout,
-            mk(emqx_schema:duration_ms(), #{
+            mk(emqx_schema:timeout_duration_ms(), #{
                 default => <<"5s">>,
                 desc => ?DESC(metadata_request_timeout)
             })},
diff --git a/apps/emqx_bridge_oracle/test/emqx_bridge_oracle_SUITE.erl b/apps/emqx_bridge_oracle/test/emqx_bridge_oracle_SUITE.erl
index 79e8ae36e..06b0256e2 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_bridge_oracle/test/emqx_bridge_oracle_SUITE.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_bridge_oracle/test/emqx_bridge_oracle_SUITE.erl
@@ -165,19 +165,32 @@ sql_create_table() ->
     "CREATE TABLE mqtt_test (topic VARCHAR2(255), msgid VARCHAR2(64), payload NCLOB, retain NUMBER(1))".
 
 sql_drop_table() ->
-    "DROP TABLE mqtt_test".
+    "BEGIN\n"
+    "        EXECUTE IMMEDIATE 'DROP TABLE mqtt_test';\n"
+    "     EXCEPTION\n"
+    "        WHEN OTHERS THEN\n"
+    "            IF SQLCODE = -942 THEN\n"
+    "                NULL;\n"
+    "            ELSE\n"
+    "                RAISE;\n"
+    "            END IF;\n"
+    "     END;".
+
+sql_check_table_exist() ->
+    "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM user_tables WHERE table_name = 'MQTT_TEST'".
 
 reset_table(Config) ->
     ResourceId = resource_id(Config),
-    _ = emqx_resource:simple_sync_query(ResourceId, {sql, sql_drop_table()}),
+    drop_table_if_exists(Config),
     {ok, [{proc_result, 0, _}]} = emqx_resource:simple_sync_query(
         ResourceId, {sql, sql_create_table()}
     ),
     ok.
 
-drop_table(Config) ->
+drop_table_if_exists(Config) ->
     ResourceId = resource_id(Config),
-    emqx_resource:simple_sync_query(ResourceId, {query, sql_drop_table()}),
+    {ok, [{proc_result, 0, _}]} =
+        emqx_resource:simple_sync_query(ResourceId, {query, sql_drop_table()}),
     ok.
 
 oracle_config(TestCase, _ConnectionType, Config) ->
@@ -392,6 +405,12 @@ t_batch_sync_query(Config) ->
                 emqx_bridge:send_message(BridgeId, Params),
                 ok
             end),
+            % Wait for reconnection.
+            ?retry(
+                _Sleep = 1_000,
+                _Attempts = 30,
+                ?assertEqual({ok, connected}, emqx_resource_manager:health_check(ResourceId))
+            ),
             ?retry(
                 _Sleep = 1_000,
                 _Attempts = 30,
@@ -527,3 +546,32 @@ t_no_sid_nor_service_name(Config0) ->
         create_bridge(Config)
     ),
     ok.
+
+t_table_removed(Config) ->
+    ResourceId = resource_id(Config),
+    ?check_trace(
+        begin
+            ?assertMatch({ok, _}, create_bridge_api(Config)),
+            ?retry(
+                _Sleep = 1_000,
+                _Attempts = 20,
+                ?assertEqual({ok, connected}, emqx_resource_manager:health_check(ResourceId))
+            ),
+            drop_table_if_exists(Config),
+            MsgId = erlang:unique_integer(),
+            Params = #{
+                topic => ?config(mqtt_topic, Config),
+                id => MsgId,
+                payload => ?config(oracle_name, Config),
+                retain => true
+            },
+            Message = {send_message, Params},
+            ?assertEqual(
+                {error, {unrecoverable_error, {942, "ORA-00942: table or view does not exist\n"}}},
+                emqx_resource:simple_sync_query(ResourceId, Message)
+            ),
+            ok
+        end,
+        []
+    ),
+    ok.
diff --git a/apps/emqx_bridge_pulsar/src/emqx_bridge_pulsar.erl b/apps/emqx_bridge_pulsar/src/emqx_bridge_pulsar.erl
index aa1076d33..038da3e61 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_bridge_pulsar/src/emqx_bridge_pulsar.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_bridge_pulsar/src/emqx_bridge_pulsar.erl
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ fields(config) ->
             )},
         {connect_timeout,
             mk(
-                emqx_schema:duration_ms(),
+                emqx_schema:timeout_duration_ms(),
                 #{
                     default => <<"5s">>,
                     desc => ?DESC("connect_timeout")
@@ -86,11 +86,12 @@ fields(producer_opts) ->
                 default => <<"1MB">>, desc => ?DESC("producer_send_buffer")
             })},
         {sync_timeout,
-            mk(emqx_schema:duration_ms(), #{
+            mk(emqx_schema:timeout_duration_ms(), #{
                 default => <<"3s">>, desc => ?DESC("producer_sync_timeout")
             })},
         {retention_period,
             mk(
+                %% not used in a `receive ... after' block, just timestamp comparison
                 hoconsc:union([infinity, emqx_schema:duration_ms()]),
                 #{default => infinity, desc => ?DESC("producer_retention_period")}
             )},
diff --git a/apps/emqx_bridge_rabbitmq/src/emqx_bridge_rabbitmq_connector.erl b/apps/emqx_bridge_rabbitmq/src/emqx_bridge_rabbitmq_connector.erl
index cbdcbc845..e8404ffd3 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_bridge_rabbitmq/src/emqx_bridge_rabbitmq_connector.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_bridge_rabbitmq/src/emqx_bridge_rabbitmq_connector.erl
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ fields(config) ->
             )},
         {timeout,
             hoconsc:mk(
-                emqx_schema:duration_ms(),
+                emqx_schema:timeout_duration_ms(),
                 #{
                     default => <<"5s">>,
                     desc => ?DESC("timeout")
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ fields(config) ->
             )},
         {publish_confirmation_timeout,
             hoconsc:mk(
-                emqx_schema:duration_ms(),
+                emqx_schema:timeout_duration_ms(),
                 #{
                     default => <<"30s">>,
                     desc => ?DESC("timeout")
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ fields(config) ->
             )},
         {heartbeat,
             hoconsc:mk(
-                emqx_schema:duration_ms(),
+                emqx_schema:timeout_duration_ms(),
                 #{
                     default => <<"30s">>,
                     desc => ?DESC("heartbeat")
diff --git a/apps/emqx_bridge_rocketmq/src/emqx_bridge_rocketmq_connector.erl b/apps/emqx_bridge_rocketmq/src/emqx_bridge_rocketmq_connector.erl
index dfb1f3def..a7d01960e 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_bridge_rocketmq/src/emqx_bridge_rocketmq_connector.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_bridge_rocketmq/src/emqx_bridge_rocketmq_connector.erl
@@ -58,12 +58,12 @@ fields(config) ->
             mk(binary(), #{default => <<>>, desc => ?DESC(security_token), sensitive => true})},
         {sync_timeout,
             mk(
-                emqx_schema:duration(),
+                emqx_schema:timeout_duration(),
                 #{default => <<"3s">>, desc => ?DESC(sync_timeout)}
             )},
         {refresh_interval,
             mk(
-                emqx_schema:duration(),
+                emqx_schema:timeout_duration(),
                 #{default => <<"3s">>, desc => ?DESC(refresh_interval)}
             )},
         {send_buffer,
@@ -102,22 +102,23 @@ on_start(
         emqx_schema:parse_servers(BinServers, ?ROCKETMQ_HOST_OPTIONS)
     ),
     ClientId = client_id(InstanceId),
-
     TopicTks = emqx_plugin_libs_rule:preproc_tmpl(Topic),
     #{acl_info := AclInfo} = ProducerOpts = make_producer_opts(Config),
     ClientCfg = #{acl_info => AclInfo},
     Templates = parse_template(Config),
-    ProducersMapPID = create_producers_map(ClientId),
+
     State = #{
         client_id => ClientId,
         topic => Topic,
         topic_tokens => TopicTks,
         sync_timeout => SyncTimeout,
         templates => Templates,
-        producers_map_pid => ProducersMapPID,
         producers_opts => ProducerOpts
     },
 
+    ok = emqx_resource:allocate_resource(InstanceId, client_id, ClientId),
+    create_producers_map(ClientId),
+
     case rocketmq:ensure_supervised_client(ClientId, Servers, ClientCfg) of
         {ok, _Pid} ->
             {ok, State};
@@ -130,23 +131,22 @@ on_start(
             {error, Reason}
     end.
 
-on_stop(InstanceId, #{client_id := ClientId, topic := RawTopic, producers_map_pid := Pid} = _State) ->
+on_stop(InstanceId, _State) ->
     ?SLOG(info, #{
         msg => "stopping_rocketmq_connector",
         connector => InstanceId
     }),
 
-    Producers = ets:match(ClientId, {{RawTopic, '$1'}, '$2'}),
     lists:foreach(
-        fun([Topic, Producer]) ->
-            ets:delete(ClientId, {RawTopic, Topic}),
-            _ = rocketmq:stop_and_delete_supervised_producers(Producer)
+        fun
+            ({_, client_id, ClientId}) ->
+                destory_producers_map(ClientId),
+                ok = rocketmq:stop_and_delete_supervised_client(ClientId);
+            ({_, _Topic, Producer}) ->
+                _ = rocketmq:stop_and_delete_supervised_producers(Producer)
         end,
-        Producers
-    ),
-
-    Pid ! ok,
-    ok = rocketmq:stop_and_delete_supervised_client(ClientId).
+        emqx_resource:get_allocated_resources_list(InstanceId)
+    ).
 
 on_query(InstanceId, Query, State) ->
     do_query(InstanceId, Query, send_sync, State).
@@ -179,7 +179,6 @@ do_query(
     #{
         templates := Templates,
         client_id := ClientId,
-        topic := RawTopic,
         topic_tokens := TopicTks,
         producers_opts := ProducerOpts,
         sync_timeout := RequestTimeout
@@ -191,7 +190,7 @@ do_query(
         #{connector => InstanceId, query => Query, state => State}
     ),
 
-    TopicKey = get_topic_key(Query, RawTopic, TopicTks),
+    TopicKey = get_topic_key(Query, TopicTks),
     Data = apply_template(Query, Templates),
 
     Result = safe_do_produce(
@@ -220,7 +219,7 @@ do_query(
 
 safe_do_produce(InstanceId, QueryFunc, ClientId, TopicKey, Data, ProducerOpts, RequestTimeout) ->
     try
-        Producers = get_producers(ClientId, TopicKey, ProducerOpts),
+        Producers = get_producers(InstanceId, ClientId, TopicKey, ProducerOpts),
         produce(InstanceId, QueryFunc, Producers, Data, RequestTimeout)
     catch
         _Type:Reason ->
@@ -249,10 +248,10 @@ parse_template([{Key, H} | T], Templates) ->
 parse_template([], Templates) ->
     Templates.
 
-get_topic_key({_, Msg}, RawTopic, TopicTks) ->
-    {RawTopic, emqx_plugin_libs_rule:proc_tmpl(TopicTks, Msg)};
-get_topic_key([Query | _], RawTopic, TopicTks) ->
-    get_topic_key(Query, RawTopic, TopicTks).
+get_topic_key({_, Msg}, TopicTks) ->
+    emqx_plugin_libs_rule:proc_tmpl(TopicTks, Msg);
+get_topic_key([Query | _], TopicTks) ->
+    get_topic_key(Query, TopicTks).
 
 apply_template({Key, Msg} = _Req, Templates) ->
     case maps:get(Key, Templates, undefined) of
@@ -317,29 +316,29 @@ acl_info(_, _, _) ->
     #{}.
 
 create_producers_map(ClientId) ->
-    erlang:spawn(fun() ->
-        case ets:whereis(ClientId) of
-            undefined ->
-                _ = ets:new(ClientId, [public, named_table]),
-                ok;
-            _ ->
-                ok
-        end,
-        receive
-            _Msg ->
-                ok
-        end
-    end).
+    _ = ets:new(ClientId, [public, named_table, {read_concurrency, true}]),
+    ok.
 
-get_producers(ClientId, {_, Topic1} = TopicKey, ProducerOpts) ->
-    case ets:lookup(ClientId, TopicKey) of
-        [{_, Producers0}] ->
-            Producers0;
-        _ ->
-            ProducerGroup = iolist_to_binary([atom_to_list(ClientId), "_", Topic1]),
-            {ok, Producers0} = rocketmq:ensure_supervised_producers(
-                ClientId, ProducerGroup, Topic1, ProducerOpts
-            ),
-            ets:insert(ClientId, {TopicKey, Producers0}),
-            Producers0
+%% The resource manager will not terminate when restarting a resource,
+%% so manually destroying the ets table is necessary.
+destory_producers_map(ClientId) ->
+    case ets:whereis(ClientId) of
+        undefined ->
+            ok;
+        Tid ->
+            ets:delete(Tid)
+    end.
+
+get_producers(InstanceId, ClientId, Topic, ProducerOpts) ->
+    case ets:lookup(ClientId, Topic) of
+        [{_, Producers}] ->
+            Producers;
+        _ ->
+            ProducerGroup = iolist_to_binary([atom_to_list(ClientId), "_", Topic]),
+            {ok, Producers} = rocketmq:ensure_supervised_producers(
+                ClientId, ProducerGroup, Topic, ProducerOpts
+            ),
+            ok = emqx_resource:allocate_resource(InstanceId, Topic, Producers),
+            ets:insert(ClientId, {Topic, Producers}),
+            Producers
     end.
diff --git a/apps/emqx_conf/src/emqx_conf_schema.erl b/apps/emqx_conf/src/emqx_conf_schema.erl
index b4ba2bf47..0f5bafe9f 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_conf/src/emqx_conf_schema.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_conf/src/emqx_conf_schema.erl
@@ -528,7 +528,7 @@ fields("node") ->
             )},
         {"crash_dump_seconds",
             sc(
-                emqx_schema:duration_s(),
+                emqx_schema:timeout_duration_s(),
                 #{
                     mapping => "vm_args.-env ERL_CRASH_DUMP_SECONDS",
                     default => <<"30s">>,
@@ -550,7 +550,7 @@ fields("node") ->
             )},
         {"dist_net_ticktime",
             sc(
-                emqx_schema:duration_s(),
+                emqx_schema:timeout_duration_s(),
                 #{
                     mapping => "vm_args.-kernel net_ticktime",
                     default => <<"2m">>,
@@ -821,7 +821,7 @@ fields("rpc") ->
             )},
         {"socket_keepalive_idle",
             sc(
-                emqx_schema:duration_s(),
+                emqx_schema:timeout_duration_s(),
                 #{
                     mapping => "gen_rpc.socket_keepalive_idle",
                     default => <<"15m">>,
@@ -830,7 +830,7 @@ fields("rpc") ->
             )},
         {"socket_keepalive_interval",
             sc(
-                emqx_schema:duration_s(),
+                emqx_schema:timeout_duration_s(),
                 #{
                     mapping => "gen_rpc.socket_keepalive_interval",
                     default => <<"75s">>,
@@ -972,7 +972,7 @@ fields("log_overload_kill") ->
             )},
         {"restart_after",
             sc(
-                hoconsc:union([emqx_schema:duration_ms(), infinity]),
+                hoconsc:union([emqx_schema:timeout_duration_ms(), infinity]),
                 #{
                     default => <<"5s">>,
                     desc => ?DESC("log_overload_kill_restart_after")
diff --git a/apps/emqx_connector/src/emqx_connector_http.erl b/apps/emqx_connector/src/emqx_connector_http.erl
index ef4224592..386414cd4 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_connector/src/emqx_connector_http.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_connector/src/emqx_connector_http.erl
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ fields(config) ->
     [
         {connect_timeout,
             sc(
-                emqx_schema:duration_ms(),
+                emqx_schema:timeout_duration_ms(),
                 #{
                     default => <<"15s">>,
                     desc => ?DESC("connect_timeout")
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ fields(config) ->
             )},
         {retry_interval,
             sc(
-                emqx_schema:duration(),
+                emqx_schema:timeout_duration(),
                 #{deprecated => {since, "5.0.4"}}
             )},
         {pool_type,
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ fields("request") ->
             )},
         {request_timeout,
             sc(
-                emqx_schema:duration_ms(),
+                emqx_schema:timeout_duration_ms(),
                 #{
                     required => false,
                     desc => ?DESC("request_timeout")
diff --git a/apps/emqx_connector/src/emqx_connector_ldap.erl b/apps/emqx_connector/src/emqx_connector_ldap.erl
index 1d969e6f1..6cf717c46 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_connector/src/emqx_connector_ldap.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_connector/src/emqx_connector_ldap.erl
@@ -201,5 +201,5 @@ port(type) -> integer();
 port(default) -> 389;
 port(_) -> undefined.
 
-duration(type) -> emqx_schema:duration_ms();
+duration(type) -> emqx_schema:timeout_duration_ms();
 duration(_) -> undefined.
diff --git a/apps/emqx_connector/src/emqx_connector_mongo.erl b/apps/emqx_connector/src/emqx_connector_mongo.erl
index 5b63daef3..1a64a0132 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_connector/src/emqx_connector_mongo.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_connector/src/emqx_connector_mongo.erl
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ fields(topology) ->
         {wait_queue_timeout_ms, duration("wait_queue_timeout")},
         {heartbeat_frequency_ms,
             hoconsc:mk(
-                emqx_schema:duration_ms(),
+                emqx_schema:timeout_duration_ms(),
                 #{
                     default => <<"200s">>,
                     desc => ?DESC("heartbeat_period")
@@ -422,7 +422,7 @@ r_mode(_) -> undefined.
 
 duration(Desc) ->
     #{
-        type => emqx_schema:duration_ms(),
+        type => emqx_schema:timeout_duration_ms(),
         required => false,
         desc => ?DESC(Desc)
     }.
diff --git a/apps/emqx_dashboard/src/emqx_dashboard_schema.erl b/apps/emqx_dashboard/src/emqx_dashboard_schema.erl
index e2b02edab..4b8c12054 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_dashboard/src/emqx_dashboard_schema.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_dashboard/src/emqx_dashboard_schema.erl
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ fields("dashboard") ->
         {default_password, fun default_password/1},
         {sample_interval,
             ?HOCON(
-                emqx_schema:duration_s(),
+                emqx_schema:timeout_duration_s(),
                 #{
                     default => <<"10s">>,
                     desc => ?DESC(sample_interval),
diff --git a/apps/emqx_dashboard/src/emqx_dashboard_swagger.erl b/apps/emqx_dashboard/src/emqx_dashboard_swagger.erl
index 6e354e1cf..47acee58b 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_dashboard/src/emqx_dashboard_swagger.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_dashboard/src/emqx_dashboard_swagger.erl
@@ -819,6 +819,12 @@ typename_to_spec("duration_s()", _Mod) ->
     #{type => string, example => <<"1h">>};
 typename_to_spec("duration_ms()", _Mod) ->
     #{type => string, example => <<"32s">>};
+typename_to_spec("timeout_duration()", _Mod) ->
+    #{type => string, example => <<"12m">>};
+typename_to_spec("timeout_duration_s()", _Mod) ->
+    #{type => string, example => <<"1h">>};
+typename_to_spec("timeout_duration_ms()", _Mod) ->
+    #{type => string, example => <<"32s">>};
 typename_to_spec("percent()", _Mod) ->
     #{type => number, example => <<"12%">>};
 typename_to_spec("file()", _Mod) ->
diff --git a/apps/emqx_dashboard/test/emqx_swagger_remote_schema.erl b/apps/emqx_dashboard/test/emqx_swagger_remote_schema.erl
index c2266ad5b..dc9d54260 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_dashboard/test/emqx_swagger_remote_schema.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_dashboard/test/emqx_swagger_remote_schema.erl
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ fields("root") ->
             )},
         {default_username, fun default_username/1},
         {default_password, fun default_password/1},
-        {sample_interval, mk(emqx_schema:duration_s(), #{default => <<"10s">>})},
+        {sample_interval, mk(emqx_schema:timeout_duration_s(), #{default => <<"10s">>})},
         {token_expired_time, mk(emqx_schema:duration(), #{default => <<"30m">>})}
     ];
 fields("ref1") ->
diff --git a/apps/emqx_dashboard/test/emqx_swagger_requestBody_SUITE.erl b/apps/emqx_dashboard/test/emqx_swagger_requestBody_SUITE.erl
index e60f7318f..e8c79c57c 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_dashboard/test/emqx_swagger_requestBody_SUITE.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_dashboard/test/emqx_swagger_requestBody_SUITE.erl
@@ -751,7 +751,7 @@ schema("/object") ->
         {per_page, mk(range(1, 100), #{required => true, desc => <<"good per page desc">>})},
         {timeout,
             mk(
-                hoconsc:union([infinity, emqx_schema:duration_s()]),
+                hoconsc:union([infinity, emqx_schema:timeout_duration_s()]),
                 #{default => 5, required => true}
             )},
         {inner_ref, mk(hoconsc:ref(?MODULE, good_ref), #{})}
@@ -761,7 +761,7 @@ schema("/nest/object") ->
         {per_page, mk(range(1, 100), #{desc => <<"good per page desc">>})},
         {timeout,
             mk(
-                hoconsc:union([infinity, emqx_schema:duration_s()]),
+                hoconsc:union([infinity, emqx_schema:timeout_duration_s()]),
                 #{default => 5, required => true}
             )},
         {nest_object, [
@@ -785,7 +785,7 @@ schema("/ref/array/with/key") ->
         {per_page, mk(range(1, 100), #{desc => <<"good per page desc">>})},
         {timeout,
             mk(
-                hoconsc:union([infinity, emqx_schema:duration_s()]),
+                hoconsc:union([infinity, emqx_schema:timeout_duration_s()]),
                 #{default => 5, required => true}
             )},
         {array_refs, mk(hoconsc:array(hoconsc:ref(?MODULE, good_ref)), #{})}
diff --git a/apps/emqx_dashboard/test/emqx_swagger_response_SUITE.erl b/apps/emqx_dashboard/test/emqx_swagger_response_SUITE.erl
index f23752653..c0771f973 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_dashboard/test/emqx_swagger_response_SUITE.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_dashboard/test/emqx_swagger_response_SUITE.erl
@@ -573,7 +573,7 @@ schema("/object") ->
         {per_page, mk(range(1, 100), #{required => true, desc => <<"good per page desc">>})},
         {timeout,
             mk(
-                hoconsc:union([infinity, emqx_schema:duration_s()]),
+                hoconsc:union([infinity, emqx_schema:timeout_duration_s()]),
                 #{default => 5, required => true}
             )},
         {inner_ref, mk(hoconsc:ref(?MODULE, good_ref), #{})}
@@ -584,7 +584,7 @@ schema("/nest/object") ->
         {per_page, mk(range(1, 100), #{desc => <<"good per page desc">>})},
         {timeout,
             mk(
-                hoconsc:union([infinity, emqx_schema:duration_s()]),
+                hoconsc:union([infinity, emqx_schema:timeout_duration_s()]),
                 #{default => 5, required => true}
             )},
         {nest_object, [
@@ -613,13 +613,14 @@ schema("/ref/array/with/key") ->
         {per_page, mk(range(1, 100), #{desc => <<"good per page desc">>})},
         {timeout,
             mk(
-                hoconsc:union([infinity, emqx_schema:duration_s()]),
+                hoconsc:union([infinity, emqx_schema:timeout_duration_s()]),
                 #{default => 5, required => true}
             )},
         {assert, mk(float(), #{desc => <<"money">>})},
         {number_ex, mk(number(), #{desc => <<"number example">>})},
         {percent_ex, mk(emqx_schema:percent(), #{desc => <<"percent example">>})},
-        {duration_ms_ex, mk(emqx_schema:duration_ms(), #{desc => <<"duration ms example">>})},
+        {duration_ms_ex,
+            mk(emqx_schema:timeout_duration_ms(), #{desc => <<"duration ms example">>})},
         {atom_ex, mk(atom(), #{desc => <<"atom ex">>})},
         {array_refs, mk(hoconsc:array(hoconsc:ref(?MODULE, good_ref)), #{})}
     ]);
diff --git a/apps/emqx_exhook/src/emqx_exhook.app.src b/apps/emqx_exhook/src/emqx_exhook.app.src
index 194c91206..92a70cf37 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_exhook/src/emqx_exhook.app.src
+++ b/apps/emqx_exhook/src/emqx_exhook.app.src
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 %% -*- mode: erlang -*-
 {application, emqx_exhook, [
     {description, "EMQX Extension for Hook"},
-    {vsn, "5.0.12"},
+    {vsn, "5.0.13"},
     {modules, []},
     {registered, []},
     {mod, {emqx_exhook_app, []}},
diff --git a/apps/emqx_exhook/src/emqx_exhook_schema.erl b/apps/emqx_exhook/src/emqx_exhook_schema.erl
index f6cc896f3..8a2139495 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_exhook/src/emqx_exhook_schema.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_exhook/src/emqx_exhook_schema.erl
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ fields(server) ->
                 example => <<"http://127.0.0.1:9000">>
             })},
         {request_timeout,
-            ?HOCON(emqx_schema:duration(), #{
+            ?HOCON(emqx_schema:timeout_duration(), #{
                 default => <<"5s">>,
                 desc => ?DESC(request_timeout)
             })},
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ fields(server) ->
                 default => #{<<"keepalive">> => true, <<"nodelay">> => true}
             })},
         {auto_reconnect,
-            ?HOCON(hoconsc:union([false, emqx_schema:duration()]), #{
+            ?HOCON(hoconsc:union([false, emqx_schema:timeout_duration()]), #{
                 default => <<"60s">>,
                 desc => ?DESC(auto_reconnect)
             })},
diff --git a/apps/emqx_ft/src/emqx_ft_schema.erl b/apps/emqx_ft/src/emqx_ft_schema.erl
index 09e9ab0a5..37508fe3e 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_ft/src/emqx_ft_schema.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_ft/src/emqx_ft_schema.erl
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ fields(file_transfer) ->
             )},
         {init_timeout,
             mk(
-                emqx_schema:duration_ms(),
+                emqx_schema:timeout_duration_ms(),
                 #{
                     desc => ?DESC("init_timeout"),
                     required => false,
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ fields(file_transfer) ->
             )},
         {store_segment_timeout,
             mk(
-                emqx_schema:duration_ms(),
+                emqx_schema:timeout_duration_ms(),
                 #{
                     desc => ?DESC("store_segment_timeout"),
                     required => false,
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ fields(file_transfer) ->
             )},
         {assemble_timeout,
             mk(
-                emqx_schema:duration_ms(),
+                emqx_schema:timeout_duration_ms(),
                 #{
                     desc => ?DESC("assemble_timeout"),
                     required => false,
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ fields(local_storage_segments_gc) ->
     [
         {interval,
             mk(
-                emqx_schema:duration_ms(),
+                emqx_schema:timeout_duration_ms(),
                 #{
                     desc => ?DESC("storage_gc_interval"),
                     required => false,
@@ -204,6 +204,7 @@ fields(local_storage_segments_gc) ->
             )},
         {maximum_segments_ttl,
             mk(
+                %% not used in a `receive ... after' block, just timestamp comparison
                 emqx_schema:duration_s(),
                 #{
                     desc => ?DESC("storage_gc_max_segments_ttl"),
@@ -213,6 +214,7 @@ fields(local_storage_segments_gc) ->
             )},
         {minimum_segments_ttl,
             mk(
+                %% not used in a `receive ... after' block, just timestamp comparison
                 emqx_schema:duration_s(),
                 #{
                     desc => ?DESC("storage_gc_min_segments_ttl"),
diff --git a/apps/emqx_gateway/src/emqx_gateway_api.erl b/apps/emqx_gateway/src/emqx_gateway_api.erl
index bc44daca8..61f29059f 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_gateway/src/emqx_gateway_api.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_gateway/src/emqx_gateway_api.erl
@@ -63,11 +63,11 @@ api_spec() ->
     emqx_dashboard_swagger:spec(?MODULE, #{check_schema => true}).
 
 paths() ->
-    emqx_gateway_utils:make_deprecated_paths([
+    [
         "/gateways",
         "/gateways/:name",
         "/gateways/:name/enable/:enable"
-    ]).
+    ].
 
 %%--------------------------------------------------------------------
 %% http handlers
@@ -240,9 +240,7 @@ schema("/gateways/:name/enable/:enable") ->
                         )
                     }
             }
-    };
-schema(Path) ->
-    emqx_gateway_utils:make_compatible_schema(Path, fun schema/1).
+    }.
 
 %%--------------------------------------------------------------------
 %% params defines
diff --git a/apps/emqx_gateway/src/emqx_gateway_api_authn.erl b/apps/emqx_gateway/src/emqx_gateway_api_authn.erl
index 41b1b11d5..01bfcdb53 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_gateway/src/emqx_gateway_api_authn.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_gateway/src/emqx_gateway_api_authn.erl
@@ -61,11 +61,11 @@ api_spec() ->
     emqx_dashboard_swagger:spec(?MODULE, #{check_schema => true}).
 
 paths() ->
-    emqx_gateway_utils:make_deprecated_paths([
+    [
         "/gateways/:name/authentication",
         "/gateways/:name/authentication/users",
         "/gateways/:name/authentication/users/:uid"
-    ]).
+    ].
 
 %%--------------------------------------------------------------------
 %% http handlers
@@ -318,9 +318,8 @@ schema("/gateways/:name/authentication/users/:uid") ->
                 responses =>
                     ?STANDARD_RESP(#{204 => <<"User Deleted">>})
             }
-    };
-schema(Path) ->
-    emqx_gateway_utils:make_compatible_schema(Path, fun schema/1).
+    }.
+
 %%--------------------------------------------------------------------
 %% params defines
 
diff --git a/apps/emqx_gateway/src/emqx_gateway_api_authn_user_import.erl b/apps/emqx_gateway/src/emqx_gateway_api_authn_user_import.erl
index 68f392923..5848e3d55 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_gateway/src/emqx_gateway_api_authn_user_import.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_gateway/src/emqx_gateway_api_authn_user_import.erl
@@ -55,10 +55,10 @@ api_spec() ->
     emqx_dashboard_swagger:spec(?MODULE, #{check_schema => false}).
 
 paths() ->
-    emqx_gateway_utils:make_deprecated_paths([
+    [
         "/gateways/:name/authentication/import_users",
         "/gateways/:name/listeners/:id/authentication/import_users"
-    ]).
+    ].
 
 %%--------------------------------------------------------------------
 %% http handlers
@@ -147,9 +147,7 @@ schema("/gateways/:name/listeners/:id/authentication/import_users") ->
                 responses =>
                     ?STANDARD_RESP(#{204 => <<"Imported">>})
             }
-    };
-schema(Path) ->
-    emqx_gateway_utils:make_compatible_schema(Path, fun schema/1).
+    }.
 
 %%--------------------------------------------------------------------
 %% params defines
diff --git a/apps/emqx_gateway/src/emqx_gateway_api_clients.erl b/apps/emqx_gateway/src/emqx_gateway_api_clients.erl
index e052647fe..8037f4197 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_gateway/src/emqx_gateway_api_clients.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_gateway/src/emqx_gateway_api_clients.erl
@@ -70,12 +70,12 @@ api_spec() ->
     emqx_dashboard_swagger:spec(?MODULE, #{check_schema => true, translate_body => true}).
 
 paths() ->
-    emqx_gateway_utils:make_deprecated_paths([
+    [
         "/gateways/:name/clients",
         "/gateways/:name/clients/:clientid",
         "/gateways/:name/clients/:clientid/subscriptions",
         "/gateways/:name/clients/:clientid/subscriptions/:topic"
-    ]).
+    ].
 
 -define(CLIENT_QSCHEMA, [
     {<<"node">>, atom},
@@ -541,9 +541,7 @@ schema("/gateways/:name/clients/:clientid/subscriptions/:topic") ->
                 responses =>
                     ?STANDARD_RESP(#{204 => <<"Unsubscribed">>})
             }
-    };
-schema(Path) ->
-    emqx_gateway_utils:make_compatible_schema(Path, fun schema/1).
+    }.
 
 params_client_query() ->
     params_gateway_name_in_path() ++
diff --git a/apps/emqx_gateway/src/emqx_gateway_api_listeners.erl b/apps/emqx_gateway/src/emqx_gateway_api_listeners.erl
index 2a6d59e35..8eea3c522 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_gateway/src/emqx_gateway_api_listeners.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_gateway/src/emqx_gateway_api_listeners.erl
@@ -70,13 +70,13 @@ api_spec() ->
     emqx_dashboard_swagger:spec(?MODULE, #{check_schema => true}).
 
 paths() ->
-    emqx_gateway_utils:make_deprecated_paths([
+    [
         "/gateways/:name/listeners",
         "/gateways/:name/listeners/:id",
         "/gateways/:name/listeners/:id/authentication",
         "/gateways/:name/listeners/:id/authentication/users",
         "/gateways/:name/listeners/:id/authentication/users/:uid"
-    ]).
+    ].
 
 %%--------------------------------------------------------------------
 %% http handlers
@@ -590,9 +590,7 @@ schema("/gateways/:name/listeners/:id/authentication/users/:uid") ->
                 responses =>
                     ?STANDARD_RESP(#{204 => <<"Deleted">>})
             }
-    };
-schema(Path) ->
-    emqx_gateway_utils:make_compatible_schema(Path, fun schema/1).
+    }.
 
 %%--------------------------------------------------------------------
 %% params defines
diff --git a/apps/emqx_gateway/src/emqx_gateway_utils.erl b/apps/emqx_gateway/src/emqx_gateway_utils.erl
index ced9eff48..d41b3c93b 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_gateway/src/emqx_gateway_utils.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_gateway/src/emqx_gateway_utils.erl
@@ -45,8 +45,6 @@
     is_running/2,
     global_chain/1,
     listener_chain/3,
-    make_deprecated_paths/1,
-    make_compatible_schema/2,
     find_gateway_definitions/0
 ]).
 
@@ -531,39 +529,6 @@ default_subopts() ->
         is_new => true
     }.
 
-%% Since 5.0.8, the API path of the gateway has been changed from "gateway" to "gateways"
-%% and we need to be compatible with the old path
-get_compatible_path("/gateway") ->
-    "/gateways";
-get_compatible_path("/gateway/" ++ Rest) ->
-    "/gateways/" ++ Rest.
-
-get_deprecated_path("/gateways") ->
-    "/gateway";
-get_deprecated_path("/gateways/" ++ Rest) ->
-    "/gateway/" ++ Rest.
-
-make_deprecated_paths(Paths) ->
-    Paths ++ [get_deprecated_path(Path) || Path <- Paths].
-
-make_compatible_schema(Path, SchemaFun) ->
-    OldPath = get_compatible_path(Path),
-    make_compatible_schema2(OldPath, SchemaFun).
-
-make_compatible_schema2(Path, SchemaFun) ->
-    Schema = SchemaFun(Path),
-    maps:map(
-        fun(Key, Value) ->
-            case lists:member(Key, [get, delete, put, post]) of
-                true ->
-                    Value#{deprecated => true};
-                _ ->
-                    Value
-            end
-        end,
-        Schema
-    ).
-
 -spec find_gateway_definitions() -> list(gateway_def()).
 find_gateway_definitions() ->
     lists:flatten(
diff --git a/apps/emqx_gateway/test/emqx_gateway_api_SUITE.erl b/apps/emqx_gateway/test/emqx_gateway_api_SUITE.erl
index fb648062a..b2e5861af 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_gateway/test/emqx_gateway_api_SUITE.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_gateway/test/emqx_gateway_api_SUITE.erl
@@ -107,9 +107,9 @@ t_gateway(_) ->
         StompGw
     ),
     {204, _} = request(put, "/gateways/stomp", #{enable => true}),
-    {200, #{enable := true}} = request(get, "/gateway/stomp"),
+    {200, #{enable := true}} = request(get, "/gateways/stomp"),
     {204, _} = request(put, "/gateways/stomp", #{enable => false}),
-    {200, #{enable := false}} = request(get, "/gateway/stomp"),
+    {200, #{enable := false}} = request(get, "/gateways/stomp"),
     {404, _} = request(put, "/gateways/undefined", #{}),
     {400, _} = request(put, "/gateways/stomp", #{bad_key => "foo"}),
     ok.
@@ -121,27 +121,14 @@ t_gateway_fail(_) ->
     {400, _} = request(put, "/gateways/coap", #{}),
     ok.
 
-t_deprecated_gateway(_) ->
-    {200, Gateways} = request(get, "/gateway"),
-    lists:foreach(fun assert_gw_unloaded/1, Gateways),
-    {404, NotFoundReq} = request(get, "/gateway/uname_gateway"),
-    assert_not_found(NotFoundReq),
-    {204, _} = request(put, "/gateway/stomp", #{}),
-    {200, StompGw} = request(get, "/gateway/stomp"),
-    assert_fields_exist(
-        [name, status, enable, created_at, started_at],
-        StompGw
-    ),
-    ok.
-
 t_gateway_enable(_) ->
     {204, _} = request(put, "/gateways/stomp", #{}),
-    {200, #{enable := Enable}} = request(get, "/gateway/stomp"),
+    {200, #{enable := Enable}} = request(get, "/gateways/stomp"),
     NotEnable = not Enable,
     {204, _} = request(put, "/gateways/stomp/enable/" ++ atom_to_list(NotEnable), undefined),
-    {200, #{enable := NotEnable}} = request(get, "/gateway/stomp"),
+    {200, #{enable := NotEnable}} = request(get, "/gateways/stomp"),
     {204, _} = request(put, "/gateways/stomp/enable/" ++ atom_to_list(Enable), undefined),
-    {200, #{enable := Enable}} = request(get, "/gateway/stomp"),
+    {200, #{enable := Enable}} = request(get, "/gateways/stomp"),
     {404, _} = request(put, "/gateways/undefined/enable/true", undefined),
     {404, _} = request(put, "/gateways/not_a_known_atom/enable/true", undefined),
     {404, _} = request(put, "/gateways/coap/enable/true", undefined),
diff --git a/apps/emqx_gateway_coap/src/emqx_coap_api.erl b/apps/emqx_gateway_coap/src/emqx_coap_api.erl
index b4fce5473..f6872656d 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_gateway_coap/src/emqx_coap_api.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_gateway_coap/src/emqx_coap_api.erl
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ api_spec() ->
     emqx_dashboard_swagger:spec(?MODULE, #{check_schema => true, translate_body => true}).
 
 paths() ->
-    emqx_gateway_utils:make_deprecated_paths([?PREFIX ++ "/request"]).
+    [?PREFIX ++ "/request"].
 
 schema(?PREFIX ++ "/request") ->
     #{
@@ -65,9 +65,7 @@ schema(?PREFIX ++ "/request") ->
                 )
             }
         }
-    };
-schema(Path) ->
-    emqx_gateway_utils:make_compatible_schema(Path, fun schema/1).
+    }.
 
 request(post, #{body := Body, bindings := Bindings}) ->
     ClientId = maps:get(clientid, Bindings, undefined),
@@ -107,7 +105,7 @@ request_body() ->
     [
         {token, mk(binary(), #{desc => ?DESC(token)})},
         {method, mk(enum([get, put, post, delete]), #{desc => ?DESC(method)})},
-        {timeout, mk(emqx_schema:duration_ms(), #{desc => ?DESC(timeout)})},
+        {timeout, mk(emqx_schema:timeout_duration_ms(), #{desc => ?DESC(timeout)})},
         {content_type,
             mk(
                 enum(['text/plain', 'application/json', 'application/octet-stream']),
diff --git a/apps/emqx_gateway_coap/test/emqx_coap_api_SUITE.erl b/apps/emqx_gateway_coap/test/emqx_coap_api_SUITE.erl
index cec09a016..6b7038eb8 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_gateway_coap/test/emqx_coap_api_SUITE.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_gateway_coap/test/emqx_coap_api_SUITE.erl
@@ -97,8 +97,6 @@ t_send_request_api(_) ->
         ?assertEqual(Payload, RPayload)
     end,
     Test("gateways/coap/clients/client1/request"),
-    timer:sleep(100),
-    Test("gateway/coap/clients/client1/request"),
     erlang:exit(ClientId, kill),
     ok.
 
diff --git a/apps/emqx_gateway_lwm2m/src/emqx_gateway_lwm2m.app.src b/apps/emqx_gateway_lwm2m/src/emqx_gateway_lwm2m.app.src
index 83a707395..3a1e3fc62 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_gateway_lwm2m/src/emqx_gateway_lwm2m.app.src
+++ b/apps/emqx_gateway_lwm2m/src/emqx_gateway_lwm2m.app.src
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {application, emqx_gateway_lwm2m, [
     {description, "LwM2M Gateway"},
-    {vsn, "0.1.0"},
+    {vsn, "0.1.1"},
     {registered, []},
     {applications, [kernel, stdlib, emqx, emqx_gateway, emqx_gateway_coap]},
     {env, []},
diff --git a/apps/emqx_gateway_lwm2m/src/emqx_lwm2m_api.erl b/apps/emqx_gateway_lwm2m/src/emqx_lwm2m_api.erl
index ca32d03db..ab780537f 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_gateway_lwm2m/src/emqx_lwm2m_api.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_gateway_lwm2m/src/emqx_lwm2m_api.erl
@@ -40,9 +40,9 @@ api_spec() ->
     emqx_dashboard_swagger:spec(?MODULE).
 
 paths() ->
-    emqx_gateway_utils:make_deprecated_paths([
+    [
         ?PATH("/lookup"), ?PATH("/observe"), ?PATH("/read"), ?PATH("/write")
-    ]).
+    ].
 
 schema(?PATH("/lookup")) ->
     #{
@@ -127,9 +127,7 @@ schema(?PATH("/write")) ->
                 404 => error_codes(['CLIENT_NOT_FOUND'], <<"Clientid not found">>)
             }
         }
-    };
-schema(Path) ->
-    emqx_gateway_utils:make_compatible_schema(Path, fun schema/1).
+    }.
 
 fields(resource) ->
     [
diff --git a/apps/emqx_gateway_lwm2m/test/emqx_lwm2m_api_SUITE.erl b/apps/emqx_gateway_lwm2m/test/emqx_lwm2m_api_SUITE.erl
index 6fa46ebbc..14fe7f0ae 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_gateway_lwm2m/test/emqx_lwm2m_api_SUITE.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_gateway_lwm2m/test/emqx_lwm2m_api_SUITE.erl
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ t_observe(Config) ->
     test_recv_mqtt_response(RespTopic),
 
     %% step2, call observe API
-    ?assertMatch({204, []}, call_deprecated_send_api(Epn, "observe", "path=/3/0/1&enable=false")),
+    ?assertMatch({204, []}, call_send_api(Epn, "observe", "path=/3/0/1&enable=false")),
     timer:sleep(100),
     #coap_message{type = Type, method = Method, options = Opts} = test_recv_coap_request(UdpSock),
     ?assertEqual(con, Type),
@@ -328,9 +328,6 @@ call_lookup_api(ClientId, Path, Action) ->
 call_send_api(ClientId, Cmd, Query) ->
     call_send_api(ClientId, Cmd, Query, "gateways/lwm2m/clients").
 
-call_deprecated_send_api(ClientId, Cmd, Query) ->
-    call_send_api(ClientId, Cmd, Query, "gateway/lwm2m/clients").
-
 call_send_api(ClientId, Cmd, Query, API) ->
     ApiPath = emqx_mgmt_api_test_util:api_path([API, ClientId, Cmd]),
     Auth = emqx_mgmt_api_test_util:auth_header_(),
diff --git a/apps/emqx_node_rebalance/src/emqx_node_rebalance.app.src b/apps/emqx_node_rebalance/src/emqx_node_rebalance.app.src
index 69cf91f4c..453afb5cb 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_node_rebalance/src/emqx_node_rebalance.app.src
+++ b/apps/emqx_node_rebalance/src/emqx_node_rebalance.app.src
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {application, emqx_node_rebalance, [
     {description, "EMQX Node Rebalance"},
-    {vsn, "5.0.1"},
+    {vsn, "5.0.2"},
     {registered, [
         emqx_node_rebalance_sup,
         emqx_node_rebalance,
diff --git a/apps/emqx_node_rebalance/src/emqx_node_rebalance_api.erl b/apps/emqx_node_rebalance/src/emqx_node_rebalance_api.erl
index 1f6328a63..d0526f5d5 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_node_rebalance/src/emqx_node_rebalance_api.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_node_rebalance/src/emqx_node_rebalance_api.erl
@@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ fields(rebalance_start) ->
     [
         {"wait_health_check",
             mk(
-                emqx_schema:duration_s(),
+                emqx_schema:timeout_duration_s(),
                 #{
                     desc => ?DESC(wait_health_check),
                     required => false
@@ -414,7 +414,7 @@ fields(rebalance_start) ->
             )},
         {"wait_takeover",
             mk(
-                emqx_schema:duration_s(),
+                emqx_schema:timeout_duration_s(),
                 #{
                     desc => ?DESC(wait_takeover),
                     required => false
diff --git a/apps/emqx_oracle/src/emqx_oracle.erl b/apps/emqx_oracle/src/emqx_oracle.erl
index ae2128a7e..0f543badd 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_oracle/src/emqx_oracle.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_oracle/src/emqx_oracle.erl
@@ -351,6 +351,10 @@ to_bin(Bin) when is_binary(Bin) ->
 to_bin(Atom) when is_atom(Atom) ->
     erlang:atom_to_binary(Atom).
 
+handle_result({error, {recoverable_error, _Error}} = Res) ->
+    Res;
+handle_result({error, {unrecoverable_error, _Error}} = Res) ->
+    Res;
 handle_result({error, disconnected}) ->
     {error, {recoverable_error, disconnected}};
 handle_result({error, Error}) ->
@@ -359,6 +363,8 @@ handle_result({error, socket, closed} = Error) ->
     {error, {recoverable_error, Error}};
 handle_result({error, Type, Reason}) ->
     {error, {unrecoverable_error, {Type, Reason}}};
+handle_result({ok, [{proc_result, RetCode, Reason}]}) when RetCode =/= 0 ->
+    {error, {unrecoverable_error, {RetCode, Reason}}};
 handle_result(Res) ->
     Res.
 
diff --git a/apps/emqx_prometheus/src/emqx_prometheus_schema.erl b/apps/emqx_prometheus/src/emqx_prometheus_schema.erl
index 370582304..a33eaa5e7 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_prometheus/src/emqx_prometheus_schema.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_prometheus/src/emqx_prometheus_schema.erl
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ fields("prometheus") ->
             )},
         {interval,
             ?HOCON(
-                emqx_schema:duration_ms(),
+                emqx_schema:timeout_duration_ms(),
                 #{
                     default => <<"15s">>,
                     required => true,
diff --git a/apps/emqx_resource/src/emqx_resource.erl b/apps/emqx_resource/src/emqx_resource.erl
index 37d7b1696..0dbc3067f 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_resource/src/emqx_resource.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_resource/src/emqx_resource.erl
@@ -85,6 +85,7 @@
     allocate_resource/3,
     has_allocated_resources/1,
     get_allocated_resources/1,
+    get_allocated_resources_list/1,
     forget_allocated_resources/1
 ]).
 
@@ -519,6 +520,10 @@ get_allocated_resources(InstanceId) ->
     Objects = ets:lookup(?RESOURCE_ALLOCATION_TAB, InstanceId),
     maps:from_list([{K, V} || {_InstanceId, K, V} <- Objects]).
 
+-spec get_allocated_resources_list(resource_id()) -> list(tuple()).
+get_allocated_resources_list(InstanceId) ->
+    ets:lookup(?RESOURCE_ALLOCATION_TAB, InstanceId).
+
 -spec forget_allocated_resources(resource_id()) -> ok.
 forget_allocated_resources(InstanceId) ->
     true = ets:delete(?RESOURCE_ALLOCATION_TAB, InstanceId),
diff --git a/apps/emqx_resource/src/schema/emqx_resource_schema.erl b/apps/emqx_resource/src/schema/emqx_resource_schema.erl
index 7f9886a5d..4b36f5b89 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_resource/src/schema/emqx_resource_schema.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_resource/src/schema/emqx_resource_schema.erl
@@ -76,18 +76,18 @@ worker_pool_size(default) -> ?WORKER_POOL_SIZE;
 worker_pool_size(required) -> false;
 worker_pool_size(_) -> undefined.
 
-resume_interval(type) -> emqx_schema:duration_ms();
+resume_interval(type) -> emqx_schema:timeout_duration_ms();
 resume_interval(importance) -> ?IMPORTANCE_HIDDEN;
 resume_interval(desc) -> ?DESC("resume_interval");
 resume_interval(required) -> false;
 resume_interval(_) -> undefined.
 
-metrics_flush_interval(type) -> emqx_schema:duration_ms();
+metrics_flush_interval(type) -> emqx_schema:timeout_duration_ms();
 metrics_flush_interval(importance) -> ?IMPORTANCE_HIDDEN;
 metrics_flush_interval(required) -> false;
 metrics_flush_interval(_) -> undefined.
 
-health_check_interval(type) -> emqx_schema:duration_ms();
+health_check_interval(type) -> emqx_schema:timeout_duration_ms();
 health_check_interval(desc) -> ?DESC("health_check_interval");
 health_check_interval(default) -> ?HEALTHCHECK_INTERVAL_RAW;
 health_check_interval(required) -> false;
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ start_after_created(default) -> ?START_AFTER_CREATED_RAW;
 start_after_created(required) -> false;
 start_after_created(_) -> undefined.
 
-start_timeout(type) -> emqx_schema:duration_ms();
+start_timeout(type) -> emqx_schema:timeout_duration_ms();
 start_timeout(desc) -> ?DESC("start_timeout");
 start_timeout(default) -> ?START_TIMEOUT_RAW;
 start_timeout(required) -> false;
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ query_mode(default) -> async;
 query_mode(required) -> false;
 query_mode(_) -> undefined.
 
-request_ttl(type) -> hoconsc:union([emqx_schema:duration_ms(), infinity]);
+request_ttl(type) -> hoconsc:union([emqx_schema:timeout_duration_ms(), infinity]);
 request_ttl(aliases) -> [request_timeout];
 request_ttl(desc) -> ?DESC("request_ttl");
 request_ttl(default) -> ?DEFAULT_REQUEST_TTL_RAW;
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ batch_size(default) -> ?DEFAULT_BATCH_SIZE;
 batch_size(required) -> false;
 batch_size(_) -> undefined.
 
-batch_time(type) -> emqx_schema:duration_ms();
+batch_time(type) -> emqx_schema:timeout_duration_ms();
 batch_time(desc) -> ?DESC("batch_time");
 batch_time(default) -> ?DEFAULT_BATCH_TIME_RAW;
 batch_time(required) -> false;
@@ -196,6 +196,10 @@ desc("creation_opts") -> ?DESC("creation_opts").
 
 get_value_with_unit(Value) when is_integer(Value) ->
     <<(erlang:integer_to_binary(Value))/binary, "ms">>;
+get_value_with_unit(Value) when is_list(Value) ->
+    %% Must ensure it's a binary, otherwise formatting the error
+    %% message will fail.
+    list_to_binary(Value);
 get_value_with_unit(Value) ->
     Value.
 
diff --git a/apps/emqx_resource/test/emqx_resource_schema_tests.erl b/apps/emqx_resource/test/emqx_resource_schema_tests.erl
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..676a42510
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/emqx_resource/test/emqx_resource_schema_tests.erl
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+%%--------------------------------------------------------------------
+%% Copyright (c) 2023 EMQ Technologies Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
+%%
+%% Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+%% you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+%% You may obtain a copy of the License at
+%%
+%%     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+%%
+%% Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+%% distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+%% WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+%% See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+%% limitations under the License.
+%%--------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+-module(emqx_resource_schema_tests).
+
+-include_lib("eunit/include/eunit.hrl").
+-include_lib("common_test/include/ct.hrl").
+
+%%===========================================================================
+%% Test cases
+%%===========================================================================
+
+health_check_interval_validator_test_() ->
+    [
+        ?_assertMatch(
+            #{<<"resource_opts">> := #{<<"health_check_interval">> := 150_000}},
+            parse_and_check_webhook_bridge(webhook_bridge_health_check_hocon(<<"150s">>))
+        ),
+        ?_assertMatch(
+            #{<<"resource_opts">> := #{<<"health_check_interval">> := 3_600_000}},
+            parse_and_check_webhook_bridge(webhook_bridge_health_check_hocon(<<"3600000ms">>))
+        ),
+        ?_assertThrow(
+            {_, [
+                #{
+                    kind := validation_error,
+                    reason := <<"Health Check Interval (3600001ms) is out of range", _/binary>>,
+                    value := 3600001
+                }
+            ]},
+            parse_and_check_webhook_bridge(webhook_bridge_health_check_hocon(<<"3600001ms">>))
+        ),
+        {"bad parse: negative number",
+            ?_assertThrow(
+                {_, [
+                    #{
+                        kind := validation_error,
+                        reason := <<"Health Check Interval (-10ms) is out of range", _/binary>>,
+                        value := "-10ms"
+                    }
+                ]},
+                parse_and_check_webhook_bridge(webhook_bridge_health_check_hocon(<<"-10ms">>))
+            )},
+        {"bad parse: underscores",
+            ?_assertThrow(
+                {_, [
+                    #{
+                        kind := validation_error,
+                        reason :=
+                            <<"Health Check Interval (3_600_000ms) is out of range", _/binary>>,
+                        value := "3_600_000ms"
+                    }
+                ]},
+                parse_and_check_webhook_bridge(webhook_bridge_health_check_hocon(<<"3_600_000ms">>))
+            )},
+        ?_assertThrow(
+            #{exception := "timeout value too large" ++ _},
+            parse_and_check_webhook_bridge(
+                webhook_bridge_health_check_hocon(<<"150000000000000s">>)
+            )
+        )
+    ].
+
+%%===========================================================================
+%% Helper functions
+%%===========================================================================
+
+parse_and_check_webhook_bridge(Hocon) ->
+    #{<<"bridges">> := #{<<"webhook">> := #{<<"simple">> := Conf}}} = check(parse(Hocon)),
+    Conf.
+
+parse(Hocon) ->
+    {ok, Conf} = hocon:binary(Hocon),
+    Conf.
+
+check(Conf) when is_map(Conf) ->
+    hocon_tconf:check_plain(emqx_bridge_schema, Conf).
+
+%%===========================================================================
+%% Data section
+%%===========================================================================
+
+%% erlfmt-ignore
+webhook_bridge_health_check_hocon(HealthCheckInterval) ->
+io_lib:format(
+"""
+bridges.webhook.simple {
+  url = \"http://localhost:4000\"
+  body = \"body\"
+  resource_opts {
+    health_check_interval = \"~s\"
+  }
+}
+""",
+[HealthCheckInterval]).
diff --git a/apps/emqx_retainer/src/emqx_retainer_schema.erl b/apps/emqx_retainer/src/emqx_retainer_schema.erl
index 823183cc3..c2cbf5135 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_retainer/src/emqx_retainer_schema.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_retainer/src/emqx_retainer_schema.erl
@@ -45,13 +45,14 @@ fields("retainer") ->
         {enable, sc(boolean(), enable, true)},
         {msg_expiry_interval,
             sc(
+                %% not used in a `receive ... after' block, just timestamp comparison
                 emqx_schema:duration_ms(),
                 msg_expiry_interval,
                 <<"0s">>
             )},
         {msg_clear_interval,
             sc(
-                emqx_schema:duration_ms(),
+                emqx_schema:timeout_duration_ms(),
                 msg_clear_interval,
                 <<"0s">>
             )},
diff --git a/apps/emqx_rule_engine/src/emqx_rule_engine_schema.erl b/apps/emqx_rule_engine/src/emqx_rule_engine_schema.erl
index bc8cae07a..4831ccf0e 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_rule_engine/src/emqx_rule_engine_schema.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_rule_engine/src/emqx_rule_engine_schema.erl
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ rule_engine_settings() ->
             ?HOCON(boolean(), #{default => true, desc => ?DESC("rule_engine_ignore_sys_message")})},
         {jq_function_default_timeout,
             ?HOCON(
-                emqx_schema:duration_ms(),
+                emqx_schema:timeout_duration_ms(),
                 #{
                     default => <<"10s">>,
                     desc => ?DESC("rule_engine_jq_function_default_timeout")
diff --git a/apps/emqx_s3/src/emqx_s3.app.src b/apps/emqx_s3/src/emqx_s3.app.src
index 6d0518769..0599d7923 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_s3/src/emqx_s3.app.src
+++ b/apps/emqx_s3/src/emqx_s3.app.src
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {application, emqx_s3, [
     {description, "EMQX S3"},
-    {vsn, "5.0.7"},
+    {vsn, "5.0.8"},
     {modules, []},
     {registered, [emqx_s3_sup]},
     {applications, [
diff --git a/apps/emqx_s3/src/emqx_s3_schema.erl b/apps/emqx_s3/src/emqx_s3_schema.erl
index f02364969..c2460e20d 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_s3/src/emqx_s3_schema.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_s3/src/emqx_s3_schema.erl
@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@ fields(s3) ->
             )},
         {url_expire_time,
             mk(
+                %% not used in a `receive ... after' block, just timestamp comparison
                 emqx_schema:duration_s(),
                 #{
                     default => "1h",
diff --git a/apps/emqx_slow_subs/src/emqx_slow_subs.app.src b/apps/emqx_slow_subs/src/emqx_slow_subs.app.src
index a06ff2595..922eed668 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_slow_subs/src/emqx_slow_subs.app.src
+++ b/apps/emqx_slow_subs/src/emqx_slow_subs.app.src
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {application, emqx_slow_subs, [
     {description, "EMQX Slow Subscribers Statistics"},
     % strict semver, bump manually!
-    {vsn, "1.0.5"},
+    {vsn, "1.0.6"},
     {modules, []},
     {registered, [emqx_slow_subs_sup]},
     {applications, [kernel, stdlib, emqx]},
diff --git a/apps/emqx_slow_subs/src/emqx_slow_subs_schema.erl b/apps/emqx_slow_subs/src/emqx_slow_subs_schema.erl
index 47ea18c3c..9edf0c799 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_slow_subs/src/emqx_slow_subs_schema.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_slow_subs/src/emqx_slow_subs_schema.erl
@@ -30,12 +30,14 @@ fields("slow_subs") ->
         {enable, sc(boolean(), false, enable)},
         {threshold,
             sc(
+                %% not used in a `receive ... after' block, just timestamp comparison
                 emqx_schema:duration_ms(),
                 <<"500ms">>,
                 threshold
             )},
         {expire_interval,
             sc(
+                %% not used in a `receive ... after' block, just timestamp comparison
                 emqx_schema:duration_ms(),
                 <<"300s">>,
                 expire_interval
diff --git a/changes/ce/feat-10909.en.md b/changes/ce/feat-10909.en.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5cce28c82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changes/ce/feat-10909.en.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Remove the deprecated HTTP APIs for gateways
diff --git a/changes/ce/fix-10930.en.md b/changes/ce/fix-10930.en.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a0f70fa56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changes/ce/fix-10930.en.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+Added a schema validation for values that might be used in timeouts to avoid invalid values.
+
+Before this fix, it was possible to use absurd values in the schema that would exceed the system limit, causing a crash.
diff --git a/changes/ee/feat-10908.en.md b/changes/ee/feat-10908.en.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ee350226c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changes/ee/feat-10908.en.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Refactored the RocketMQ bridge to avoid leaking resources during crashes at creation.
diff --git a/changes/ee/feat-10924.en.md b/changes/ee/feat-10924.en.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0fb8a330d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changes/ee/feat-10924.en.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Refactored influxdb bridge connector to avoid resource leaks during crashes at creation.