diff --git a/apps/emqx/integration_test/emqx_persistent_session_ds_SUITE.erl b/apps/emqx/integration_test/emqx_persistent_session_ds_SUITE.erl
index 39764af30..a5260f780 100644
--- a/apps/emqx/integration_test/emqx_persistent_session_ds_SUITE.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx/integration_test/emqx_persistent_session_ds_SUITE.erl
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ list_all_pubranges(Node) ->
 
 session_open(Node, ClientId) ->
     ClientInfo = #{},
-    ConnInfo = #{peername => {undefined, undefined}},
+    ConnInfo = #{peername => {undefined, undefined}, proto_name => <<"MQTT">>, proto_ver => 5},
     WillMsg = undefined,
     erpc:call(
         Node,
@@ -252,7 +252,6 @@ t_session_subscription_idempotency(Config) ->
             ok
         end,
         fun(Trace) ->
-            ct:pal("trace:\n  ~p", [Trace]),
             Session = session_open(Node1, ClientId),
             ?assertMatch(
                 #{SubTopicFilter := #{}},
@@ -326,7 +325,6 @@ t_session_unsubscription_idempotency(Config) ->
             ok
         end,
         fun(Trace) ->
-            ct:pal("trace:\n  ~p", [Trace]),
             Session = session_open(Node1, ClientId),
             ?assertEqual(
                 #{},
@@ -415,10 +413,7 @@ do_t_session_discard(Params) ->
 
             ok
         end,
-        fun(Trace) ->
-            ct:pal("trace:\n  ~p", [Trace]),
-            ok
-        end
+        []
     ),
     ok.
 
diff --git a/apps/emqx/src/emqx_persistent_session_ds.erl b/apps/emqx/src/emqx_persistent_session_ds.erl
index 83ed5d465..4bfefe5b6 100644
--- a/apps/emqx/src/emqx_persistent_session_ds.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx/src/emqx_persistent_session_ds.erl
@@ -75,7 +75,8 @@
 
 %% Managment APIs:
 -export([
-    list_client_subscriptions/1
+    list_client_subscriptions/1,
+    get_client_subscription/2
 ]).
 
 %% session table operations
@@ -116,15 +117,42 @@
 %% Currently, this is the clientid.  We avoid `emqx_types:clientid()' because that can be
 %% an atom, in theory (?).
 -type id() :: binary().
--type topic_filter() :: emqx_types:topic().
+-type topic_filter() :: emqx_types:topic() | #share{}.
+
+%% Subscription and subscription states:
+%%
+%% Persistent sessions cannot simply update or delete subscriptions,
+%% since subscription parameters must be exactly the same during
+%% replay.
+%%
+%% To solve this problem, we store subscriptions in a twofold manner:
+%%
+%% - `subscription' is an object that holds up-to-date information
+%% about the client's subscription and a reference to the latest
+%% subscription state id
+%%
+%% - `subscription_state' is an immutable object that holds
+%% information about the subcription parameters at a certain point of
+%% time
+%%
+%% New subscription states are created whenever the client subscribes
+%% to a topics, or updates an existing subscription.
+%%
+%% Stream replay states contain references to the subscription states.
+%%
+%% Outdated subscription states are discarded when they are not
+%% referenced by either subscription or stream replay state objects.
 
 -type subscription_id() :: integer().
 
+%% This type is a result of merging
+%% `emqx_persistent_session_ds_subs:subscription()' with its current
+%% state.
 -type subscription() :: #{
     id := subscription_id(),
     start_time := emqx_ds:time(),
-    props := map(),
-    deleted := boolean()
+    current_state := emqx_persistent_session_ds_subs:subscription_state_id(),
+    subopts := map()
 }.
 
 -define(TIMER_PULL, timer_pull).
@@ -184,7 +212,9 @@
     seqno_q2_dup,
     seqno_q2_rec,
     seqno_q2_next,
-    n_streams
+    n_streams,
+    awaiting_rel_cnt,
+    awaiting_rel_max
 ]).
 
 %%
@@ -206,7 +236,8 @@ open(#{clientid := ClientID} = ClientInfo, ConnInfo, MaybeWillMsg, Conf) ->
     ok = emqx_cm:takeover_kick(ClientID),
     case session_open(ClientID, ClientInfo, ConnInfo, MaybeWillMsg) of
         Session0 = #{} ->
-            Session = Session0#{props => Conf},
+            Session1 = Session0#{props => Conf},
+            Session = do_expire(ClientInfo, Session1),
             {true, ensure_timers(Session), []};
         false ->
             false
@@ -249,7 +280,7 @@ info(is_persistent, #{}) ->
 info(subscriptions, #{s := S}) ->
     emqx_persistent_session_ds_subs:to_map(S);
 info(subscriptions_cnt, #{s := S}) ->
-    emqx_topic_gbt:size(emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:get_subscriptions(S));
+    emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:n_subscriptions(S);
 info(subscriptions_max, #{props := Conf}) ->
     maps:get(max_subscriptions, Conf);
 info(upgrade_qos, #{props := Conf}) ->
@@ -262,21 +293,21 @@ info(inflight_max, #{inflight := Inflight}) ->
     emqx_persistent_session_ds_inflight:receive_maximum(Inflight);
 info(retry_interval, #{props := Conf}) ->
     maps:get(retry_interval, Conf);
-% info(mqueue, #sessmem{mqueue = MQueue}) ->
-%     MQueue;
 info(mqueue_len, #{inflight := Inflight}) ->
     emqx_persistent_session_ds_inflight:n_buffered(all, Inflight);
-% info(mqueue_max, #sessmem{mqueue = MQueue}) ->
-%     emqx_mqueue:max_len(MQueue);
 info(mqueue_dropped, _Session) ->
     0;
 %% info(next_pkt_id, #{s := S}) ->
 %%     {PacketId, _} = emqx_persistent_message_ds_replayer:next_packet_id(S),
 %%     PacketId;
-% info(awaiting_rel, #sessmem{awaiting_rel = AwaitingRel}) ->
-%     AwaitingRel;
-%% info(awaiting_rel_cnt, #{s := S}) ->
-%%     seqno_diff(?QOS_2, ?rec, ?committed(?QOS_2), S);
+info(awaiting_rel, #{s := S}) ->
+    emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:fold_awaiting_rel(fun maps:put/3, #{}, S);
+info(awaiting_rel_max, #{props := Conf}) ->
+    maps:get(max_awaiting_rel, Conf);
+info(awaiting_rel_cnt, #{s := S}) ->
+    emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:n_awaiting_rel(S);
+info(await_rel_timeout, #{props := Conf}) ->
+    maps:get(await_rel_timeout, Conf);
 info(seqno_q1_comm, #{s := S}) ->
     emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:get_seqno(?committed(?QOS_1), S);
 info(seqno_q1_dup, #{s := S}) ->
@@ -292,17 +323,7 @@ info(seqno_q2_rec, #{s := S}) ->
 info(seqno_q2_next, #{s := S}) ->
     emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:get_seqno(?next(?QOS_2), S);
 info(n_streams, #{s := S}) ->
-    emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:fold_streams(
-        fun(_, _, Acc) -> Acc + 1 end,
-        0,
-        S
-    );
-info(awaiting_rel_max, #{props := Conf}) ->
-    maps:get(max_awaiting_rel, Conf);
-info(await_rel_timeout, #{props := _Conf}) ->
-    %% TODO: currently this setting is ignored:
-    %% maps:get(await_rel_timeout, Conf).
-    0;
+    emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:n_streams(S);
 info({MsgsQ, _PagerParams}, _Session) when MsgsQ =:= mqueue_msgs; MsgsQ =:= inflight_msgs ->
     {error, not_implemented}.
 
@@ -337,93 +358,49 @@ print_session(ClientId) ->
 
 -spec subscribe(topic_filter(), emqx_types:subopts(), session()) ->
     {ok, session()} | {error, emqx_types:reason_code()}.
+subscribe(
+    #share{},
+    _SubOpts,
+    _Session
+) ->
+    %% TODO: Shared subscriptions are not supported yet:
+    {error, ?RC_SHARED_SUBSCRIPTIONS_NOT_SUPPORTED};
 subscribe(
     TopicFilter,
     SubOpts,
-    Session = #{id := ID, s := S0}
+    Session
 ) ->
-    case emqx_persistent_session_ds_subs:lookup(TopicFilter, S0) of
-        undefined ->
-            %% TODO: max subscriptions
-
-            %% N.B.: we chose to update the router before adding the
-            %% subscription to the session/iterator table. The
-            %% reasoning for this is as follows:
-            %%
-            %% Messages matching this topic filter should start to be
-            %% persisted as soon as possible to avoid missing
-            %% messages. If this is the first such persistent session
-            %% subscription, it's important to do so early on.
-            %%
-            %% This could, in turn, lead to some inconsistency: if
-            %% such a route gets created but the session/iterator data
-            %% fails to be updated accordingly, we have a dangling
-            %% route. To remove such dangling routes, we may have a
-            %% periodic GC process that removes routes that do not
-            %% have a matching persistent subscription. Also, route
-            %% operations use dirty mnesia operations, which
-            %% inherently have room for inconsistencies.
-            %%
-            %% In practice, we use the iterator reference table as a
-            %% source of truth, since it is guarded by a transaction
-            %% context: we consider a subscription operation to be
-            %% successful if it ended up changing this table. Both
-            %% router and iterator information can be reconstructed
-            %% from this table, if needed.
-            ok = emqx_persistent_session_ds_router:do_add_route(TopicFilter, ID),
-            {SubId, S1} = emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:new_id(S0),
-            Subscription = #{
-                start_time => now_ms(),
-                props => SubOpts,
-                id => SubId,
-                deleted => false
-            },
-            IsNew = true;
-        Subscription0 = #{} ->
-            Subscription = Subscription0#{props => SubOpts},
-            IsNew = false,
-            S1 = S0
-    end,
-    S = emqx_persistent_session_ds_subs:on_subscribe(TopicFilter, Subscription, S1),
-    ?tp(persistent_session_ds_subscription_added, #{
-        topic_filter => TopicFilter, sub => Subscription, is_new => IsNew
-    }),
-    {ok, Session#{s => S}}.
+    case emqx_persistent_session_ds_subs:on_subscribe(TopicFilter, SubOpts, Session) of
+        {ok, S1} ->
+            S = emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:commit(S1),
+            {ok, Session#{s => S}};
+        Error = {error, _} ->
+            Error
+    end.
 
 -spec unsubscribe(topic_filter(), session()) ->
     {ok, session(), emqx_types:subopts()} | {error, emqx_types:reason_code()}.
 unsubscribe(
     TopicFilter,
-    Session = #{id := ID, s := S0}
+    Session = #{id := SessionId, s := S0}
 ) ->
-    case emqx_persistent_session_ds_subs:lookup(TopicFilter, S0) of
-        undefined ->
-            {error, ?RC_NO_SUBSCRIPTION_EXISTED};
-        Subscription = #{props := SubOpts} ->
-            S = do_unsubscribe(ID, TopicFilter, Subscription, S0),
-            {ok, Session#{s => S}, SubOpts}
+    case emqx_persistent_session_ds_subs:on_unsubscribe(SessionId, TopicFilter, S0) of
+        {ok, S1, #{id := SubId, subopts := SubOpts}} ->
+            S2 = emqx_persistent_session_ds_stream_scheduler:on_unsubscribe(SubId, S1),
+            S = emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:commit(S2),
+            {ok, Session#{s => S}, SubOpts};
+        Error = {error, _} ->
+            Error
     end.
 
--spec do_unsubscribe(id(), topic_filter(), subscription(), emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:t()) ->
-    emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:t().
-do_unsubscribe(SessionId, TopicFilter, Subscription = #{id := SubId}, S0) ->
-    S1 = emqx_persistent_session_ds_subs:on_unsubscribe(TopicFilter, Subscription, S0),
-    ?tp(persistent_session_ds_subscription_delete, #{
-        session_id => SessionId, topic_filter => TopicFilter
-    }),
-    S = emqx_persistent_session_ds_stream_scheduler:on_unsubscribe(SubId, S1),
-    ?tp_span(
-        persistent_session_ds_subscription_route_delete,
-        #{session_id => SessionId, topic_filter => TopicFilter},
-        ok = emqx_persistent_session_ds_router:do_delete_route(TopicFilter, SessionId)
-    ),
-    S.
-
 -spec get_subscription(topic_filter(), session()) ->
     emqx_types:subopts() | undefined.
+get_subscription(#share{}, _) ->
+    %% TODO: shared subscriptions are not supported yet:
+    undefined;
 get_subscription(TopicFilter, #{s := S}) ->
     case emqx_persistent_session_ds_subs:lookup(TopicFilter, S) of
-        _Subscription = #{props := SubOpts} ->
+        #{subopts := SubOpts} ->
             SubOpts;
         undefined ->
             undefined
@@ -436,11 +413,72 @@ get_subscription(TopicFilter, #{s := S}) ->
 -spec publish(emqx_types:packet_id(), emqx_types:message(), session()) ->
     {ok, emqx_types:publish_result(), session()}
     | {error, emqx_types:reason_code()}.
+publish(
+    PacketId,
+    Msg = #message{qos = ?QOS_2, timestamp = Ts},
+    Session = #{s := S0}
+) ->
+    case is_awaiting_full(Session) of
+        false ->
+            case emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:get_awaiting_rel(PacketId, S0) of
+                undefined ->
+                    Results = emqx_broker:publish(Msg),
+                    S = emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:put_awaiting_rel(PacketId, Ts, S0),
+                    {ok, Results, Session#{s => S}};
+                _Ts ->
+                    {error, ?RC_PACKET_IDENTIFIER_IN_USE}
+            end;
+        true ->
+            {error, ?RC_RECEIVE_MAXIMUM_EXCEEDED}
+    end;
 publish(_PacketId, Msg, Session) ->
-    %% TODO: QoS2
     Result = emqx_broker:publish(Msg),
     {ok, Result, Session}.
 
+is_awaiting_full(#{s := S, props := Props}) ->
+    emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:n_awaiting_rel(S) >=
+        maps:get(max_awaiting_rel, Props, infinity).
+
+-spec expire(emqx_types:clientinfo(), session()) ->
+    {ok, [], timeout(), session()} | {ok, [], session()}.
+expire(ClientInfo, Session0 = #{props := Props}) ->
+    Session = #{s := S} = do_expire(ClientInfo, Session0),
+    case emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:n_awaiting_rel(S) of
+        0 ->
+            {ok, [], Session};
+        _ ->
+            AwaitRelTimeout = maps:get(await_rel_timeout, Props),
+            {ok, [], AwaitRelTimeout, Session}
+    end.
+
+do_expire(ClientInfo, Session = #{s := S0, props := Props}) ->
+    %% 1. Find expired packet IDs:
+    Now = erlang:system_time(millisecond),
+    AwaitRelTimeout = maps:get(await_rel_timeout, Props),
+    ExpiredPacketIds =
+        emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:fold_awaiting_rel(
+            fun(PacketId, Ts, Acc) ->
+                Age = Now - Ts,
+                case Age > AwaitRelTimeout of
+                    true ->
+                        [PacketId | Acc];
+                    false ->
+                        Acc
+                end
+            end,
+            [],
+            S0
+        ),
+    %% 2. Perform side effects:
+    _ = emqx_session_events:handle_event(ClientInfo, {expired_rel, length(ExpiredPacketIds)}),
+    %% 3. Update state:
+    S = lists:foldl(
+        fun emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:del_awaiting_rel/2,
+        S0,
+        ExpiredPacketIds
+    ),
+    Session#{s => S}.
+
 %%--------------------------------------------------------------------
 %% Client -> Broker: PUBACK
 %%--------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -477,9 +515,14 @@ pubrec(PacketId, Session0) ->
 
 -spec pubrel(emqx_types:packet_id(), session()) ->
     {ok, session()} | {error, emqx_types:reason_code()}.
-pubrel(_PacketId, Session = #{}) ->
-    % TODO: stub
-    {ok, Session}.
+pubrel(PacketId, Session = #{s := S0}) ->
+    case emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:get_awaiting_rel(PacketId, S0) of
+        undefined ->
+            {error, ?RC_PACKET_IDENTIFIER_NOT_FOUND};
+        _TS ->
+            S = emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:del_awaiting_rel(PacketId, S0),
+            {ok, Session#{s => S}}
+    end.
 
 %%--------------------------------------------------------------------
 %% Client -> Broker: PUBCOMP
@@ -552,6 +595,8 @@ handle_timeout(_ClientInfo, #req_sync{from = From, ref = Ref}, Session = #{s :=
     S = emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:commit(S0),
     From ! Ref,
     {ok, [], Session#{s => S}};
+handle_timeout(ClientInfo, expire_awaiting_rel, Session) ->
+    expire(ClientInfo, Session);
 handle_timeout(_ClientInfo, Timeout, Session) ->
     ?SLOG(warning, #{msg => "unknown_ds_timeout", timeout => Timeout}),
     {ok, [], Session}.
@@ -645,7 +690,7 @@ list_client_subscriptions(ClientId) ->
             %% TODO: this is not the most optimal implementation, since it
             %% should be possible to avoid reading extra data (streams, etc.)
             case print_session(ClientId) of
-                Sess = #{s := #{subscriptions := Subs}} ->
+                Sess = #{s := #{subscriptions := Subs, subscription_states := SStates}} ->
                     Node =
                         case Sess of
                             #{'_alive' := {true, Pid}} ->
@@ -655,8 +700,9 @@ list_client_subscriptions(ClientId) ->
                         end,
                     SubList =
                         maps:fold(
-                            fun(Topic, #{props := SubProps}, Acc) ->
-                                Elem = {Topic, SubProps},
+                            fun(Topic, #{current_state := CS}, Acc) ->
+                                #{subopts := SubOpts} = maps:get(CS, SStates),
+                                Elem = {Topic, SubOpts},
                                 [Elem | Acc]
                             end,
                             [],
@@ -670,6 +716,11 @@ list_client_subscriptions(ClientId) ->
             {error, not_found}
     end.
 
+-spec get_client_subscription(emqx_types:clientid(), emqx_types:topic()) ->
+    subscription() | undefined.
+get_client_subscription(ClientId, Topic) ->
+    emqx_persistent_session_ds_subs:cold_get_subscription(ClientId, Topic).
+
 %%--------------------------------------------------------------------
 %% Session tables operations
 %%--------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -701,7 +752,12 @@ sync(ClientId) ->
 %% the broker.
 -spec session_open(id(), emqx_types:clientinfo(), emqx_types:conninfo(), emqx_maybe:t(message())) ->
     session() | false.
-session_open(SessionId, ClientInfo, NewConnInfo, MaybeWillMsg) ->
+session_open(
+    SessionId,
+    ClientInfo,
+    NewConnInfo = #{proto_name := ProtoName, proto_ver := ProtoVer},
+    MaybeWillMsg
+) ->
     NowMS = now_ms(),
     case emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:open(SessionId) of
         {ok, S0} ->
@@ -720,8 +776,9 @@ session_open(SessionId, ClientInfo, NewConnInfo, MaybeWillMsg) ->
                         maps:get(peername, NewConnInfo), S2
                     ),
                     S4 = emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:set_will_message(MaybeWillMsg, S3),
-                    S5 = emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:set_clientinfo(ClientInfo, S4),
-                    S = emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:commit(S5),
+                    S5 = set_clientinfo(ClientInfo, S4),
+                    S6 = emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:set_protocol({ProtoName, ProtoVer}, S5),
+                    S = emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:commit(S6),
                     Inflight = emqx_persistent_session_ds_inflight:new(
                         receive_maximum(NewConnInfo)
                     ),
@@ -744,7 +801,9 @@ session_open(SessionId, ClientInfo, NewConnInfo, MaybeWillMsg) ->
     emqx_session:conf()
 ) ->
     session().
-session_ensure_new(Id, ClientInfo, ConnInfo, MaybeWillMsg, Conf) ->
+session_ensure_new(
+    Id, ClientInfo, ConnInfo = #{proto_name := ProtoName, proto_ver := ProtoVer}, MaybeWillMsg, Conf
+) ->
     ?tp(debug, persistent_session_ds_ensure_new, #{id => Id}),
     Now = now_ms(),
     S0 = emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:create_new(Id),
@@ -767,8 +826,9 @@ session_ensure_new(Id, ClientInfo, ConnInfo, MaybeWillMsg, Conf) ->
         ]
     ),
     S5 = emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:set_will_message(MaybeWillMsg, S4),
-    S6 = emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:set_clientinfo(ClientInfo, S5),
-    S = emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:commit(S6),
+    S6 = set_clientinfo(ClientInfo, S5),
+    S7 = emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:set_protocol({ProtoName, ProtoVer}, S6),
+    S = emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:commit(S7),
     #{
         id => Id,
         props => Conf,
@@ -779,18 +839,12 @@ session_ensure_new(Id, ClientInfo, ConnInfo, MaybeWillMsg, Conf) ->
 %% @doc Called when a client reconnects with `clean session=true' or
 %% during session GC
 -spec session_drop(id(), _Reason) -> ok.
-session_drop(ID, Reason) ->
-    case emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:open(ID) of
+session_drop(SessionId, Reason) ->
+    case emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:open(SessionId) of
         {ok, S0} ->
-            ?tp(debug, drop_persistent_session, #{client_id => ID, reason => Reason}),
-            _S = emqx_persistent_session_ds_subs:fold(
-                fun(TopicFilter, Subscription, S) ->
-                    do_unsubscribe(ID, TopicFilter, Subscription, S)
-                end,
-                S0,
-                S0
-            ),
-            emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:delete(ID);
+            ?tp(debug, drop_persistent_session, #{client_id => SessionId, reason => Reason}),
+            emqx_persistent_session_ds_subs:on_session_drop(SessionId, S0),
+            emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:delete(SessionId);
         undefined ->
             ok
     end.
@@ -798,6 +852,11 @@ session_drop(ID, Reason) ->
 now_ms() ->
     erlang:system_time(millisecond).
 
+set_clientinfo(ClientInfo0, S) ->
+    %% Remove unnecessary fields from the clientinfo:
+    ClientInfo = maps:without([cn, dn, auth_result], ClientInfo0),
+    emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:set_clientinfo(ClientInfo, S).
+
 %%--------------------------------------------------------------------
 %% RPC targets (v1)
 %%--------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -874,22 +933,31 @@ new_batch({StreamKey, Srs0}, BatchSize, Session0 = #{s := S0}, ClientInfo) ->
             Session0
     end.
 
-enqueue_batch(IsReplay, BatchSize, Srs0, Session = #{inflight := Inflight0}, ClientInfo) ->
+enqueue_batch(IsReplay, BatchSize, Srs0, Session = #{inflight := Inflight0, s := S}, ClientInfo) ->
     #srs{
         it_begin = ItBegin0,
         it_end = ItEnd0,
         first_seqno_qos1 = FirstSeqnoQos1,
-        first_seqno_qos2 = FirstSeqnoQos2
+        first_seqno_qos2 = FirstSeqnoQos2,
+        sub_state_id = SubStateId
     } = Srs0,
     ItBegin =
         case IsReplay of
             true -> ItBegin0;
             false -> ItEnd0
         end,
+    SubState = #{} = emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:get_subscription_state(SubStateId, S),
     case emqx_ds:next(?PERSISTENT_MESSAGE_DB, ItBegin, BatchSize) of
         {ok, ItEnd, Messages} ->
             {Inflight, LastSeqnoQos1, LastSeqnoQos2} = process_batch(
-                IsReplay, Session, ClientInfo, FirstSeqnoQos1, FirstSeqnoQos2, Messages, Inflight0
+                IsReplay,
+                Session,
+                SubState,
+                ClientInfo,
+                FirstSeqnoQos1,
+                FirstSeqnoQos2,
+                Messages,
+                Inflight0
             ),
             Srs = Srs0#srs{
                 it_begin = ItBegin,
@@ -913,27 +981,29 @@ enqueue_batch(IsReplay, BatchSize, Srs0, Session = #{inflight := Inflight0}, Cli
 %% key_of_iter(#{3 := #{3 := #{5 := K}}}) ->
 %%     K.
 
-process_batch(_IsReplay, _Session, _ClientInfo, LastSeqNoQos1, LastSeqNoQos2, [], Inflight) ->
+process_batch(
+    _IsReplay, _Session, _SubState, _ClientInfo, LastSeqNoQos1, LastSeqNoQos2, [], Inflight
+) ->
     {Inflight, LastSeqNoQos1, LastSeqNoQos2};
 process_batch(
-    IsReplay, Session, ClientInfo, FirstSeqNoQos1, FirstSeqNoQos2, [KV | Messages], Inflight0
+    IsReplay,
+    Session,
+    SubState,
+    ClientInfo,
+    FirstSeqNoQos1,
+    FirstSeqNoQos2,
+    [KV | Messages],
+    Inflight0
 ) ->
-    #{s := S, props := #{upgrade_qos := UpgradeQoS}} = Session,
-    {_DsMsgKey, Msg0 = #message{topic = Topic}} = KV,
+    #{s := S} = Session,
+    #{upgrade_qos := UpgradeQoS, subopts := SubOpts} = SubState,
+    {_DsMsgKey, Msg0} = KV,
     Comm1 = emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:get_seqno(?committed(?QOS_1), S),
     Comm2 = emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:get_seqno(?committed(?QOS_2), S),
     Dup1 = emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:get_seqno(?dup(?QOS_1), S),
     Dup2 = emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:get_seqno(?dup(?QOS_2), S),
     Rec = emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:get_seqno(?rec, S),
-    Subs = emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:get_subscriptions(S),
-    Msgs = [
-        Msg
-     || SubMatch <- emqx_topic_gbt:matches(Topic, Subs, []),
-        Msg <- begin
-            #{props := SubOpts} = emqx_topic_gbt:get_record(SubMatch, Subs),
-            emqx_session:enrich_message(ClientInfo, Msg0, SubOpts, UpgradeQoS)
-        end
-    ],
+    Msgs = emqx_session:enrich_message(ClientInfo, Msg0, SubOpts, UpgradeQoS),
     {Inflight, LastSeqNoQos1, LastSeqNoQos2} = lists:foldl(
         fun(Msg = #message{qos = Qos}, {Acc, SeqNoQos10, SeqNoQos20}) ->
             case Qos of
@@ -989,14 +1059,16 @@ process_batch(
         Msgs
     ),
     process_batch(
-        IsReplay, Session, ClientInfo, LastSeqNoQos1, LastSeqNoQos2, Messages, Inflight
+        IsReplay, Session, SubState, ClientInfo, LastSeqNoQos1, LastSeqNoQos2, Messages, Inflight
     ).
 
 %%--------------------------------------------------------------------
 %% Transient messages
 %%--------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-enqueue_transient(ClientInfo, Msg0, Session = #{s := S, props := #{upgrade_qos := UpgradeQoS}}) ->
+enqueue_transient(
+    _ClientInfo, Msg = #message{qos = Qos}, Session = #{inflight := Inflight0, s := S0}
+) ->
     %% TODO: Such messages won't be retransmitted, should the session
     %% reconnect before transient messages are acked.
     %%
@@ -1006,18 +1078,6 @@ enqueue_transient(ClientInfo, Msg0, Session = #{s := S, props := #{upgrade_qos :
     %% queued messages. Since streams in this DB are exclusive to the
     %% session, messages from the queue can be dropped as soon as they
     %% are acked.
-    Subs = emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:get_subscriptions(S),
-    Msgs = [
-        Msg
-     || SubMatch <- emqx_topic_gbt:matches(Msg0#message.topic, Subs, []),
-        Msg <- begin
-            #{props := SubOpts} = emqx_topic_gbt:get_record(SubMatch, Subs),
-            emqx_session:enrich_message(ClientInfo, Msg0, SubOpts, UpgradeQoS)
-        end
-    ],
-    lists:foldl(fun do_enqueue_transient/2, Session, Msgs).
-
-do_enqueue_transient(Msg = #message{qos = Qos}, Session = #{inflight := Inflight0, s := S0}) ->
     case Qos of
         ?QOS_0 ->
             S = S0,
diff --git a/apps/emqx/src/emqx_persistent_session_ds.hrl b/apps/emqx/src/emqx_persistent_session_ds.hrl
index 56862dfa5..79920629a 100644
--- a/apps/emqx/src/emqx_persistent_session_ds.hrl
+++ b/apps/emqx/src/emqx_persistent_session_ds.hrl
@@ -65,17 +65,21 @@
     last_seqno_qos2 = 0 :: emqx_persistent_session_ds:seqno(),
     %% This stream belongs to an unsubscribed topic-filter, and is
     %% marked for deletion:
-    unsubscribed = false :: boolean()
+    unsubscribed = false :: boolean(),
+    %% Reference to the subscription state:
+    sub_state_id :: emqx_persistent_session_ds_subs:subscription_state_id()
 }).
 
 %% Session metadata keys:
 -define(created_at, created_at).
 -define(last_alive_at, last_alive_at).
 -define(expiry_interval, expiry_interval).
-%% Unique integer used to create unique identities
+%% Unique integer used to create unique identities:
 -define(last_id, last_id).
+%% Connection info (relevent for the dashboard):
 -define(peername, peername).
 -define(will_message, will_message).
 -define(clientinfo, clientinfo).
+-define(protocol, protocol).
 
 -endif.
diff --git a/apps/emqx/src/emqx_persistent_session_ds_state.erl b/apps/emqx/src/emqx_persistent_session_ds_state.erl
index 28297964d..9efffc7ff 100644
--- a/apps/emqx/src/emqx_persistent_session_ds_state.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx/src/emqx_persistent_session_ds_state.erl
@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@
 %% It is responsible for saving, caching, and restoring session state.
 %% It is completely devoid of business logic. Not even the default
 %% values should be set in this module.
+%%
+%% Session process MUST NOT use `cold_*' functions! They are reserved
+%% for use in the management APIs.
 -module(emqx_persistent_session_ds_state).
 
 -export([create_tables/0]).
@@ -33,22 +36,44 @@
 -export([get_clientinfo/1, set_clientinfo/2]).
 -export([get_will_message/1, set_will_message/2, clear_will_message/1, clear_will_message_now/1]).
 -export([get_peername/1, set_peername/2]).
+-export([get_protocol/1, set_protocol/2]).
 -export([new_id/1]).
--export([get_stream/2, put_stream/3, del_stream/2, fold_streams/3]).
+-export([get_stream/2, put_stream/3, del_stream/2, fold_streams/3, n_streams/1]).
 -export([get_seqno/2, put_seqno/3]).
 -export([get_rank/2, put_rank/3, del_rank/2, fold_ranks/3]).
--export([get_subscriptions/1, put_subscription/4, del_subscription/3]).
+-export([
+    get_subscription_state/2,
+    cold_get_subscription_state/2,
+    fold_subscription_states/3,
+    put_subscription_state/3,
+    del_subscription_state/2
+]).
+-export([
+    get_subscription/2,
+    cold_get_subscription/2,
+    fold_subscriptions/3,
+    n_subscriptions/1,
+    put_subscription/3,
+    del_subscription/2
+]).
+-export([
+    get_awaiting_rel/2,
+    put_awaiting_rel/3,
+    del_awaiting_rel/2,
+    fold_awaiting_rel/3,
+    n_awaiting_rel/1
+]).
 
 -export([make_session_iterator/0, session_iterator_next/2]).
 
 -export_type([
     t/0,
     metadata/0,
-    subscriptions/0,
     seqno_type/0,
     stream_key/0,
     rank_key/0,
-    session_iterator/0
+    session_iterator/0,
+    protocol/0
 ]).
 
 -include("emqx_mqtt.hrl").
@@ -62,8 +87,6 @@
 
 -type message() :: emqx_types:message().
 
--type subscriptions() :: emqx_topic_gbt:t(_SubId, emqx_persistent_session_ds:subscription()).
-
 -opaque session_iterator() :: emqx_persistent_session_ds:id() | '$end_of_table'.
 
 %% Generic key-value wrapper that is used for exporting arbitrary
@@ -92,13 +115,16 @@
         dirty :: #{K => dirty | del}
     }.
 
+-type protocol() :: {binary(), emqx_types:proto_ver()}.
+
 -type metadata() ::
     #{
         ?created_at => emqx_persistent_session_ds:timestamp(),
         ?last_alive_at => emqx_persistent_session_ds:timestamp(),
         ?expiry_interval => non_neg_integer(),
         ?last_id => integer(),
-        ?peername => emqx_types:peername()
+        ?peername => emqx_types:peername(),
+        ?protocol => protocol()
     }.
 
 -type seqno_type() ::
@@ -110,22 +136,49 @@
     | ?rec
     | ?committed(?QOS_2).
 
+-define(id, id).
+-define(dirty, dirty).
+-define(metadata, metadata).
+-define(subscriptions, subscriptions).
+-define(subscription_states, subscription_states).
+-define(seqnos, seqnos).
+-define(streams, streams).
+-define(ranks, ranks).
+-define(awaiting_rel, awaiting_rel).
+
 -opaque t() :: #{
-    id := emqx_persistent_session_ds:id(),
-    dirty := boolean(),
-    metadata := metadata(),
-    subscriptions := subscriptions(),
-    seqnos := pmap(seqno_type(), emqx_persistent_session_ds:seqno()),
-    streams := pmap(emqx_ds:stream(), emqx_persistent_session_ds:stream_state()),
-    ranks := pmap(term(), integer())
+    ?id := emqx_persistent_session_ds:id(),
+    ?dirty := boolean(),
+    ?metadata := metadata(),
+    ?subscriptions := pmap(
+        emqx_persistent_session_ds:topic_filter(), emqx_persistent_session_ds_subs:subscription()
+    ),
+    ?subscription_states := pmap(
+        emqx_persistent_session_ds_subs:subscription_state_id(),
+        emqx_persistent_session_ds_subs:subscription_state()
+    ),
+    ?seqnos := pmap(seqno_type(), emqx_persistent_session_ds:seqno()),
+    ?streams := pmap(emqx_ds:stream(), emqx_persistent_session_ds:stream_state()),
+    ?ranks := pmap(term(), integer()),
+    ?awaiting_rel := pmap(emqx_types:packet_id(), _Timestamp :: integer())
 }.
 
 -define(session_tab, emqx_ds_session_tab).
 -define(subscription_tab, emqx_ds_session_subscriptions).
+-define(subscription_states_tab, emqx_ds_session_subscription_states).
 -define(stream_tab, emqx_ds_session_streams).
 -define(seqno_tab, emqx_ds_session_seqnos).
 -define(rank_tab, emqx_ds_session_ranks).
--define(pmap_tables, [?stream_tab, ?seqno_tab, ?rank_tab, ?subscription_tab]).
+-define(awaiting_rel_tab, emqx_ds_session_awaiting_rel).
+
+-define(pmaps, [
+    {?subscriptions, ?subscription_tab},
+    {?subscription_states, ?subscription_states_tab},
+    {?streams, ?stream_tab},
+    {?seqnos, ?seqno_tab},
+    {?ranks, ?rank_tab},
+    {?awaiting_rel, ?awaiting_rel_tab}
+]).
 
 %% Enable this flag if you suspect some code breaks the sequence:
 -ifndef(CHECK_SEQNO).
@@ -152,23 +205,25 @@ create_tables() ->
             {attributes, record_info(fields, kv)}
         ]
     ),
-    [create_kv_pmap_table(Table) || Table <- ?pmap_tables],
-    mria:wait_for_tables([?session_tab | ?pmap_tables]).
+    {_, PmapTables} = lists:unzip(?pmaps),
+    [create_kv_pmap_table(Table) || Table <- PmapTables],
+    mria:wait_for_tables([?session_tab | PmapTables]).
 
 -spec open(emqx_persistent_session_ds:id()) -> {ok, t()} | undefined.
 open(SessionId) ->
     ro_transaction(fun() ->
         case kv_restore(?session_tab, SessionId) of
             [Metadata] ->
-                Rec = #{
-                    id => SessionId,
-                    metadata => Metadata,
-                    subscriptions => read_subscriptions(SessionId),
-                    streams => pmap_open(?stream_tab, SessionId),
-                    seqnos => pmap_open(?seqno_tab, SessionId),
-                    ranks => pmap_open(?rank_tab, SessionId),
-                    ?unset_dirty
-                },
+                Rec = update_pmaps(
+                    fun(_Pmap, Table) ->
+                        pmap_open(Table, SessionId)
+                    end,
+                    #{
+                        id => SessionId,
+                        metadata => Metadata,
+                        ?unset_dirty
+                    }
+                ),
                 {ok, Rec};
             [] ->
                 undefined
@@ -185,27 +240,13 @@ print_session(SessionId) ->
     end.
 
 -spec format(t()) -> map().
-format(#{
-    metadata := Metadata,
-    subscriptions := SubsGBT,
-    streams := Streams,
-    seqnos := Seqnos,
-    ranks := Ranks
-}) ->
-    Subs = emqx_topic_gbt:fold(
-        fun(Key, Sub, Acc) ->
-            maps:put(emqx_topic_gbt:get_topic(Key), Sub, Acc)
+format(Rec) ->
+    update_pmaps(
+        fun(Pmap, _Table) ->
+            pmap_format(Pmap)
         end,
-        #{},
-        SubsGBT
-    ),
-    #{
-        metadata => Metadata,
-        subscriptions => Subs,
-        streams => pmap_format(Streams),
-        seqnos => pmap_format(Seqnos),
-        ranks => pmap_format(Ranks)
-    }.
+        maps:without([id, dirty], Rec)
+    ).
 
 -spec list_sessions() -> [emqx_persistent_session_ds:id()].
 list_sessions() ->
@@ -215,7 +256,7 @@ list_sessions() ->
 delete(Id) ->
     transaction(
         fun() ->
-            [kv_pmap_delete(Table, Id) || Table <- ?pmap_tables],
+            [kv_pmap_delete(Table, Id) || {_, Table} <- ?pmaps],
             mnesia:delete(?session_tab, Id, write)
         end
     ).
@@ -226,36 +267,34 @@ commit(Rec = #{dirty := false}) ->
 commit(
     Rec = #{
         id := SessionId,
-        metadata := Metadata,
-        streams := Streams,
-        seqnos := SeqNos,
-        ranks := Ranks
+        metadata := Metadata
     }
 ) ->
     check_sequence(Rec),
     transaction(fun() ->
         kv_persist(?session_tab, SessionId, Metadata),
-        Rec#{
-            streams => pmap_commit(SessionId, Streams),
-            seqnos => pmap_commit(SessionId, SeqNos),
-            ranks => pmap_commit(SessionId, Ranks),
-            ?unset_dirty
-        }
+        update_pmaps(
+            fun(Pmap, _Table) ->
+                pmap_commit(SessionId, Pmap)
+            end,
+            Rec#{?unset_dirty}
+        )
     end).
 
 -spec create_new(emqx_persistent_session_ds:id()) -> t().
 create_new(SessionId) ->
     transaction(fun() ->
         delete(SessionId),
-        #{
-            id => SessionId,
-            metadata => #{},
-            subscriptions => emqx_topic_gbt:new(),
-            streams => pmap_open(?stream_tab, SessionId),
-            seqnos => pmap_open(?seqno_tab, SessionId),
-            ranks => pmap_open(?rank_tab, SessionId),
-            ?set_dirty
-        }
+        update_pmaps(
+            fun(_Pmap, Table) ->
+                pmap_open(Table, SessionId)
+            end,
+            #{
+                id => SessionId,
+                metadata => #{},
+                ?set_dirty
+            }
+        )
     end).
 
 %%
@@ -292,6 +331,14 @@ get_peername(Rec) ->
 set_peername(Val, Rec) ->
     set_meta(?peername, Val, Rec).
 
+-spec get_protocol(t()) -> protocol() | undefined.
+get_protocol(Rec) ->
+    get_meta(?protocol, Rec).
+
+-spec set_protocol(protocol(), t()) -> t().
+set_protocol(Val, Rec) ->
+    set_meta(?protocol, Val, Rec).
+
 -spec get_clientinfo(t()) -> emqx_maybe:t(emqx_types:clientinfo()).
 get_clientinfo(Rec) ->
     get_meta(?clientinfo, Rec).
@@ -336,30 +383,65 @@ new_id(Rec) ->
 
 %%
 
--spec get_subscriptions(t()) -> subscriptions().
-get_subscriptions(#{subscriptions := Subs}) ->
-    Subs.
+-spec get_subscription(emqx_persistent_session_ds:topic_filter(), t()) ->
+    emqx_persistent_session_ds_subs:subscription() | undefined.
+get_subscription(TopicFilter, Rec) ->
+    gen_get(?subscriptions, TopicFilter, Rec).
+
+-spec cold_get_subscription(emqx_persistent_session_ds:id(), emqx_types:topic()) ->
+    [emqx_persistent_session_ds_subs:subscription()].
+cold_get_subscription(SessionId, Topic) ->
+    kv_pmap_read(?subscription_tab, SessionId, Topic).
+
+-spec fold_subscriptions(fun(), Acc, t()) -> Acc.
+fold_subscriptions(Fun, Acc, Rec) ->
+    gen_fold(?subscriptions, Fun, Acc, Rec).
+
+-spec n_subscriptions(t()) -> non_neg_integer().
+n_subscriptions(Rec) ->
+    gen_size(?subscriptions, Rec).
 
 -spec put_subscription(
     emqx_persistent_session_ds:topic_filter(),
-    _SubId,
-    emqx_persistent_session_ds:subscription(),
+    emqx_persistent_session_ds_subs:subscription(),
     t()
 ) -> t().
-put_subscription(TopicFilter, SubId, Subscription, Rec = #{id := Id, subscriptions := Subs0}) ->
-    %% Note: currently changes to the subscriptions are persisted immediately.
-    Key = {TopicFilter, SubId},
-    transaction(fun() -> kv_pmap_persist(?subscription_tab, Id, Key, Subscription) end),
-    Subs = emqx_topic_gbt:insert(TopicFilter, SubId, Subscription, Subs0),
-    Rec#{subscriptions => Subs}.
+put_subscription(TopicFilter, Subscription, Rec) ->
+    gen_put(?subscriptions, TopicFilter, Subscription, Rec).
 
--spec del_subscription(emqx_persistent_session_ds:topic_filter(), _SubId, t()) -> t().
-del_subscription(TopicFilter, SubId, Rec = #{id := Id, subscriptions := Subs0}) ->
-    %% Note: currently the subscriptions are persisted immediately.
-    Key = {TopicFilter, SubId},
-    transaction(fun() -> kv_pmap_delete(?subscription_tab, Id, Key) end),
-    Subs = emqx_topic_gbt:delete(TopicFilter, SubId, Subs0),
-    Rec#{subscriptions => Subs}.
+-spec del_subscription(emqx_persistent_session_ds:topic_filter(), t()) -> t().
+del_subscription(TopicFilter, Rec) ->
+    gen_del(?subscriptions, TopicFilter, Rec).
+
+%%
+
+-spec get_subscription_state(emqx_persistent_session_ds_subs:subscription_state_id(), t()) ->
+    emqx_persistent_session_ds_subs:subscription_state() | undefined.
+get_subscription_state(SStateId, Rec) ->
+    gen_get(?subscription_states, SStateId, Rec).
+
+-spec cold_get_subscription_state(
+    emqx_persistent_session_ds:id(), emqx_persistent_session_ds_subs:subscription_state_id()
+) ->
+    [emqx_persistent_session_ds_subs:subscription_state()].
+cold_get_subscription_state(SessionId, SStateId) ->
+    kv_pmap_read(?subscription_states_tab, SessionId, SStateId).
+
+-spec fold_subscription_states(fun(), Acc, t()) -> Acc.
+fold_subscription_states(Fun, Acc, Rec) ->
+    gen_fold(?subscription_states, Fun, Acc, Rec).
+
+-spec put_subscription_state(
+    emqx_persistent_session_ds_subs:subscription_state_id(),
+    emqx_persistent_session_ds_subs:subscription_state(),
+    t()
+) -> t().
+put_subscription_state(SStateId, SState, Rec) ->
+    gen_put(?subscription_states, SStateId, SState, Rec).
+
+-spec del_subscription_state(emqx_persistent_session_ds_subs:subscription_state_id(), t()) -> t().
+del_subscription_state(SStateId, Rec) ->
+    gen_del(?subscription_states, SStateId, Rec).
 
 %%
 
@@ -368,29 +450,33 @@ del_subscription(TopicFilter, SubId, Rec = #{id := Id, subscriptions := Subs0})
 -spec get_stream(stream_key(), t()) ->
     emqx_persistent_session_ds:stream_state() | undefined.
 get_stream(Key, Rec) ->
-    gen_get(streams, Key, Rec).
+    gen_get(?streams, Key, Rec).
 
 -spec put_stream(stream_key(), emqx_persistent_session_ds:stream_state(), t()) -> t().
 put_stream(Key, Val, Rec) ->
-    gen_put(streams, Key, Val, Rec).
+    gen_put(?streams, Key, Val, Rec).
 
 -spec del_stream(stream_key(), t()) -> t().
 del_stream(Key, Rec) ->
-    gen_del(streams, Key, Rec).
+    gen_del(?streams, Key, Rec).
 
 -spec fold_streams(fun(), Acc, t()) -> Acc.
 fold_streams(Fun, Acc, Rec) ->
-    gen_fold(streams, Fun, Acc, Rec).
+    gen_fold(?streams, Fun, Acc, Rec).
+
+-spec n_streams(t()) -> non_neg_integer().
+n_streams(Rec) ->
+    gen_size(?streams, Rec).
 
 %%
 
 -spec get_seqno(seqno_type(), t()) -> emqx_persistent_session_ds:seqno() | undefined.
 get_seqno(Key, Rec) ->
-    gen_get(seqnos, Key, Rec).
+    gen_get(?seqnos, Key, Rec).
 
 -spec put_seqno(seqno_type(), emqx_persistent_session_ds:seqno(), t()) -> t().
 put_seqno(Key, Val, Rec) ->
-    gen_put(seqnos, Key, Val, Rec).
+    gen_put(?seqnos, Key, Val, Rec).
 
 %%
 
@@ -398,19 +484,43 @@ put_seqno(Key, Val, Rec) ->
 
 -spec get_rank(rank_key(), t()) -> integer() | undefined.
 get_rank(Key, Rec) ->
-    gen_get(ranks, Key, Rec).
+    gen_get(?ranks, Key, Rec).
 
 -spec put_rank(rank_key(), integer(), t()) -> t().
 put_rank(Key, Val, Rec) ->
-    gen_put(ranks, Key, Val, Rec).
+    gen_put(?ranks, Key, Val, Rec).
 
 -spec del_rank(rank_key(), t()) -> t().
 del_rank(Key, Rec) ->
-    gen_del(ranks, Key, Rec).
+    gen_del(?ranks, Key, Rec).
 
 -spec fold_ranks(fun(), Acc, t()) -> Acc.
 fold_ranks(Fun, Acc, Rec) ->
-    gen_fold(ranks, Fun, Acc, Rec).
+    gen_fold(?ranks, Fun, Acc, Rec).
+
+%%
+
+-spec get_awaiting_rel(emqx_types:packet_id(), t()) -> integer() | undefined.
+get_awaiting_rel(Key, Rec) ->
+    gen_get(?awaiting_rel, Key, Rec).
+
+-spec put_awaiting_rel(emqx_types:packet_id(), _Timestamp :: integer(), t()) -> t().
+put_awaiting_rel(Key, Val, Rec) ->
+    gen_put(?awaiting_rel, Key, Val, Rec).
+
+-spec del_awaiting_rel(emqx_types:packet_id(), t()) -> t().
+del_awaiting_rel(Key, Rec) ->
+    gen_del(?awaiting_rel, Key, Rec).
+
+-spec fold_awaiting_rel(fun(), Acc, t()) -> Acc.
+fold_awaiting_rel(Fun, Acc, Rec) ->
+    gen_fold(?awaiting_rel, Fun, Acc, Rec).
+
+-spec n_awaiting_rel(t()) -> non_neg_integer().
+n_awaiting_rel(Rec) ->
+    gen_size(?awaiting_rel, Rec).
+
+%%
 
 -spec make_session_iterator() -> session_iterator().
 make_session_iterator() ->
@@ -475,16 +585,20 @@ gen_del(Field, Key, Rec) ->
         Rec#{?set_dirty}
     ).
 
-%%
+gen_size(Field, Rec) ->
+    check_sequence(Rec),
+    pmap_size(maps:get(Field, Rec)).
 
-read_subscriptions(SessionId) ->
-    Records = kv_pmap_restore(?subscription_tab, SessionId),
+-spec update_pmaps(fun((pmap(_K, _V) | undefined, atom()) -> term()), map()) -> map().
+update_pmaps(Fun, Map) ->
     lists:foldl(
-        fun({{TopicFilter, SubId}, Subscription}, Acc) ->
-            emqx_topic_gbt:insert(TopicFilter, SubId, Subscription, Acc)
+        fun({MapKey, Table}, Acc) ->
+            OldVal = maps:get(MapKey, Map, undefined),
+            Val = Fun(OldVal, Table),
+            maps:put(MapKey, Val, Acc)
         end,
-        emqx_topic_gbt:new(),
-        Records
+        Map,
+        ?pmaps
     ).
 
 %%
@@ -547,6 +661,10 @@ pmap_commit(
 pmap_format(#pmap{cache = Cache}) ->
     Cache.
 
+-spec pmap_size(pmap(_K, _V)) -> non_neg_integer().
+pmap_size(#pmap{cache = Cache}) ->
+    maps:size(Cache).
+
 %% Functions dealing with set tables:
 
 kv_persist(Tab, SessionId, Val0) ->
@@ -574,6 +692,14 @@ kv_pmap_persist(Tab, SessionId, Key, Val0) ->
     Val = encoder(encode, Tab, Val0),
     mnesia:write(Tab, #kv{k = {SessionId, Key}, v = Val}, write).
 
+kv_pmap_read(Table, SessionId, Key) ->
+    lists:map(
+        fun(#kv{v = Val}) ->
+            encoder(decode, Table, Val)
+        end,
+        mnesia:dirty_read(Table, {SessionId, Key})
+    ).
+
 kv_pmap_restore(Table, SessionId) ->
     MS = [{#kv{k = {SessionId, '$1'}, v = '$2'}, [], [{{'$1', '$2'}}]}],
     Objs = mnesia:select(Table, MS, read),
diff --git a/apps/emqx/src/emqx_persistent_session_ds_stream_scheduler.erl b/apps/emqx/src/emqx_persistent_session_ds_stream_scheduler.erl
index 154f59b44..1be0bdf4a 100644
--- a/apps/emqx/src/emqx_persistent_session_ds_stream_scheduler.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx/src/emqx_persistent_session_ds_stream_scheduler.erl
@@ -126,9 +126,10 @@ find_new_streams(S) ->
 renew_streams(S0) ->
     S1 = remove_unsubscribed_streams(S0),
     S2 = remove_fully_replayed_streams(S1),
+    S3 = update_stream_subscription_state_ids(S2),
     emqx_persistent_session_ds_subs:fold(
         fun
-            (Key, #{start_time := StartTime, id := SubId, deleted := false}, Acc) ->
+            (Key, #{start_time := StartTime, id := SubId, current_state := SStateId}, Acc) ->
                 TopicFilter = emqx_topic:words(Key),
                 Streams = select_streams(
                     SubId,
@@ -137,7 +138,7 @@ renew_streams(S0) ->
                 ),
                 lists:foldl(
                     fun(I, Acc1) ->
-                        ensure_iterator(TopicFilter, StartTime, SubId, I, Acc1)
+                        ensure_iterator(TopicFilter, StartTime, SubId, SStateId, I, Acc1)
                     end,
                     Acc,
                     Streams
@@ -145,8 +146,8 @@ renew_streams(S0) ->
             (_Key, _DeletedSubscription, Acc) ->
                 Acc
         end,
-        S2,
-        S2
+        S3,
+        S3
     ).
 
 -spec on_unsubscribe(
@@ -201,7 +202,7 @@ is_fully_acked(Srs, S) ->
 %% Internal functions
 %%================================================================================
 
-ensure_iterator(TopicFilter, StartTime, SubId, {{RankX, RankY}, Stream}, S) ->
+ensure_iterator(TopicFilter, StartTime, SubId, SStateId, {{RankX, RankY}, Stream}, S) ->
     Key = {SubId, Stream},
     case emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:get_stream(Key, S) of
         undefined ->
@@ -214,7 +215,8 @@ ensure_iterator(TopicFilter, StartTime, SubId, {{RankX, RankY}, Stream}, S) ->
                         rank_x = RankX,
                         rank_y = RankY,
                         it_begin = Iterator,
-                        it_end = Iterator
+                        it_end = Iterator,
+                        sub_state_id = SStateId
                     },
                     emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:put_stream(Key, NewStreamState, S);
                 {error, recoverable, Reason} ->
@@ -350,6 +352,38 @@ remove_fully_replayed_streams(S0) ->
         S1
     ).
 
+%% @doc Update subscription state IDs for all streams that don't have unacked messages
+-spec update_stream_subscription_state_ids(emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:t()) ->
+    emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:t().
+update_stream_subscription_state_ids(S0) ->
+    CommQos1 = emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:get_seqno(?committed(?QOS_1), S0),
+    CommQos2 = emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:get_seqno(?committed(?QOS_2), S0),
+    %% Find the latest state IDs for each subscription:
+    LastSStateIds = emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:fold_subscriptions(
+        fun(_, #{id := SubId, current_state := SStateId}, Acc) ->
+            Acc#{SubId => SStateId}
+        end,
+        #{},
+        S0
+    ),
+    %% Update subscription state IDs for fully acked streams:
+    emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:fold_streams(
+        fun
+            (_, #srs{unsubscribed = true}, S) ->
+                S;
+            (Key = {SubId, _Stream}, SRS0, S) ->
+                case is_fully_acked(CommQos1, CommQos2, SRS0) of
+                    true ->
+                        SRS = SRS0#srs{sub_state_id = maps:get(SubId, LastSStateIds)},
+                        emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:put_stream(Key, SRS, S);
+                    false ->
+                        S
+                end
+        end,
+        S0,
+        S0
+    ).
+
 %% @doc Compare the streams by the order in which they were replayed.
 compare_streams(
     {_KeyA, #srs{first_seqno_qos1 = A1, first_seqno_qos2 = A2}},
diff --git a/apps/emqx/src/emqx_persistent_session_ds_subs.erl b/apps/emqx/src/emqx_persistent_session_ds_subs.erl
index 92f17b108..8b4f70a69 100644
--- a/apps/emqx/src/emqx_persistent_session_ds_subs.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx/src/emqx_persistent_session_ds_subs.erl
@@ -24,14 +24,56 @@
 -module(emqx_persistent_session_ds_subs).
 
 %% API:
--export([on_subscribe/3, on_unsubscribe/3, gc/1, lookup/2, to_map/1, fold/3, fold_all/3]).
+-export([
+    on_subscribe/3,
+    on_unsubscribe/3,
+    on_session_drop/2,
+    gc/1,
+    lookup/2,
+    to_map/1,
+    fold/3
+]).
 
--export_type([]).
+%% Management API:
+-export([
+    cold_get_subscription/2
+]).
+
+-export_type([subscription_state_id/0, subscription/0, subscription_state/0]).
+
+-include("emqx_persistent_session_ds.hrl").
+-include("emqx_mqtt.hrl").
+-include_lib("snabbkaffe/include/trace.hrl").
 
 %%================================================================================
 %% Type declarations
 %%================================================================================
 
+-type subscription() :: #{
+    %% Session-unique identifier of the subscription. Other objects
+    %% can use it as a compact reference:
+    id := emqx_persistent_session_ds:subscription_id(),
+    %% Reference to the current subscription state:
+    current_state := subscription_state_id(),
+    %% Time when the subscription was added:
+    start_time := emqx_ds:time()
+}.
+
+-type subscription_state_id() :: integer().
+
+-type subscription_state() :: #{
+    parent_subscription := emqx_persistent_session_ds:subscription_id(),
+    upgrade_qos := boolean(),
+    %% SubOpts:
+    subopts := #{
+        nl => _,
+        qos => _,
+        rap => _,
+        subid => _,
+        _ => _
+    }
+}.
+
 %%================================================================================
 %% API functions
 %%================================================================================
@@ -39,41 +81,131 @@
 %% @doc Process a new subscription
 -spec on_subscribe(
     emqx_persistent_session_ds:topic_filter(),
-    emqx_persistent_session_ds:subscription(),
-    emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:t()
+    emqx_types:subopts(),
+    emqx_persistent_session_ds:session()
 ) ->
-    emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:t().
-on_subscribe(TopicFilter, Subscription, S) ->
-    emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:put_subscription(TopicFilter, [], Subscription, S).
+    {ok, emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:t()} | {error, ?RC_QUOTA_EXCEEDED}.
+on_subscribe(TopicFilter, SubOpts, #{id := SessionId, s := S0, props := Props}) ->
+    #{upgrade_qos := UpgradeQoS, max_subscriptions := MaxSubscriptions} = Props,
+    case emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:get_subscription(TopicFilter, S0) of
+        undefined ->
+            %% This is a new subscription:
+            case emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:n_subscriptions(S0) < MaxSubscriptions of
+                true ->
+                    ok = emqx_persistent_session_ds_router:do_add_route(TopicFilter, SessionId),
+                    {SubId, S1} = emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:new_id(S0),
+                    {SStateId, S2} = emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:new_id(S1),
+                    SState = #{
+                        parent_subscription => SubId, upgrade_qos => UpgradeQoS, subopts => SubOpts
+                    },
+                    S3 = emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:put_subscription_state(
+                        SStateId, SState, S2
+                    ),
+                    Subscription = #{
+                        id => SubId,
+                        current_state => SStateId,
+                        start_time => now_ms()
+                    },
+                    S = emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:put_subscription(
+                        TopicFilter, Subscription, S3
+                    ),
+                    ?tp(persistent_session_ds_subscription_added, #{
+                        topic_filter => TopicFilter, session => SessionId
+                    }),
+                    {ok, S};
+                false ->
+                    {error, ?RC_QUOTA_EXCEEDED}
+            end;
+        Sub0 = #{current_state := SStateId0, id := SubId} ->
+            SState = #{parent_subscription => SubId, upgrade_qos => UpgradeQoS, subopts => SubOpts},
+            case emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:get_subscription_state(SStateId0, S0) of
+                SState ->
+                    %% Client resubscribed with the same parameters:
+                    {ok, S0};
+                _ ->
+                    %% Subsription parameters changed:
+                    {SStateId, S1} = emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:new_id(S0),
+                    S2 = emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:put_subscription_state(
+                        SStateId, SState, S1
+                    ),
+                    Sub = Sub0#{current_state => SStateId},
+                    S = emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:put_subscription(TopicFilter, Sub, S2),
+                    {ok, S}
+            end
+    end.
 
 %% @doc Process UNSUBSCRIBE
 -spec on_unsubscribe(
+    emqx_persistent_session_ds:id(),
     emqx_persistent_session_ds:topic_filter(),
-    emqx_persistent_session_ds:subscription(),
     emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:t()
 ) ->
-    emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:t().
-on_unsubscribe(TopicFilter, Subscription0, S0) ->
-    %% Note: we cannot delete the subscription immediately, since its
-    %% metadata can be used during replay (see `process_batch'). We
-    %% instead mark it as deleted, and let `subscription_gc' function
-    %% dispatch it later:
-    Subscription = Subscription0#{deleted => true},
-    emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:put_subscription(TopicFilter, [], Subscription, S0).
+    {ok, emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:t(), emqx_persistent_session_ds:subscription()}
+    | {error, ?RC_NO_SUBSCRIPTION_EXISTED}.
+on_unsubscribe(SessionId, TopicFilter, S0) ->
+    case lookup(TopicFilter, S0) of
+        undefined ->
+            {error, ?RC_NO_SUBSCRIPTION_EXISTED};
+        Subscription ->
+            ?tp(persistent_session_ds_subscription_delete, #{
+                session_id => SessionId, topic_filter => TopicFilter
+            }),
+            ?tp_span(
+                persistent_session_ds_subscription_route_delete,
+                #{session_id => SessionId, topic_filter => TopicFilter},
+                ok = emqx_persistent_session_ds_router:do_delete_route(TopicFilter, SessionId)
+            ),
+            {ok, emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:del_subscription(TopicFilter, S0), Subscription}
+    end.
 
-%% @doc Remove subscriptions that have been marked for deletion, and
-%% that don't have any unacked messages:
+-spec on_session_drop(emqx_persistent_session_ds:id(), emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:t()) -> ok.
+on_session_drop(SessionId, S0) ->
+    fold(
+        fun(TopicFilter, _Subscription, S) ->
+            case on_unsubscribe(SessionId, TopicFilter, S) of
+                {ok, S1, _} -> S1;
+                _ -> S
+            end
+        end,
+        S0,
+        S0
+    ).
+
+%% @doc Remove subscription states that don't have a parent, and that
+%% don't have any unacked messages:
 -spec gc(emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:t()) -> emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:t().
 gc(S0) ->
-    fold_all(
-        fun(TopicFilter, #{id := SubId, deleted := Deleted}, Acc) ->
-            case Deleted andalso has_no_unacked_streams(SubId, S0) of
-                true ->
-                    emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:del_subscription(TopicFilter, [], Acc);
+    %% Create a set of subscription states IDs referenced either by a
+    %% subscription or a stream replay state:
+    AliveSet0 = emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:fold_subscriptions(
+        fun(_TopicFilter, #{current_state := SStateId}, Acc) ->
+            Acc#{SStateId => true}
+        end,
+        #{},
+        S0
+    ),
+    AliveSet = emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:fold_streams(
+        fun(_StreamId, SRS = #srs{sub_state_id = SStateId}, Acc) ->
+            case emqx_persistent_session_ds_stream_scheduler:is_fully_acked(SRS, S0) of
                 false ->
+                    Acc#{SStateId => true};
+                true ->
                     Acc
             end
         end,
+        AliveSet0,
+        S0
+    ),
+    %% Delete dangling subscription states:
+    emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:fold_subscription_states(
+        fun(SStateId, _, S) ->
+            case maps:is_key(SStateId, AliveSet) of
+                true ->
+                    S;
+                false ->
+                    emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:del_subscription_state(SStateId, S)
+            end
+        end,
         S0,
         S0
     ).
@@ -82,12 +214,16 @@ gc(S0) ->
 -spec lookup(emqx_persistent_session_ds:topic_filter(), emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:t()) ->
     emqx_persistent_session_ds:subscription() | undefined.
 lookup(TopicFilter, S) ->
-    Subs = emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:get_subscriptions(S),
-    case emqx_topic_gbt:lookup(TopicFilter, [], Subs, undefined) of
-        #{deleted := true} ->
-            undefined;
-        Sub ->
-            Sub
+    case emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:get_subscription(TopicFilter, S) of
+        Sub = #{current_state := SStateId} ->
+            case emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:get_subscription_state(SStateId, S) of
+                #{subopts := SubOpts} ->
+                    Sub#{subopts => SubOpts};
+                undefined ->
+                    undefined
+            end;
+        undefined ->
+            undefined
     end.
 
 %% @doc Convert active subscriptions to a map, for information
@@ -95,7 +231,7 @@ lookup(TopicFilter, S) ->
 -spec to_map(emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:t()) -> map().
 to_map(S) ->
     fold(
-        fun(TopicFilter, #{props := Props}, Acc) -> Acc#{TopicFilter => Props} end,
+        fun(TopicFilter, _, Acc) -> Acc#{TopicFilter => lookup(TopicFilter, S)} end,
         #{},
         S
     ).
@@ -107,48 +243,29 @@ to_map(S) ->
     emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:t()
 ) ->
     Acc.
-fold(Fun, AccIn, S) ->
-    fold_all(
-        fun(TopicFilter, Sub = #{deleted := Deleted}, Acc) ->
-            case Deleted of
-                true -> Acc;
-                false -> Fun(TopicFilter, Sub, Acc)
-            end
-        end,
-        AccIn,
-        S
-    ).
+fold(Fun, Acc, S) ->
+    emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:fold_subscriptions(Fun, Acc, S).
 
-%% @doc Fold over all subscriptions, including inactive ones:
--spec fold_all(
-    fun((emqx_types:topic(), emqx_persistent_session_ds:subscription(), Acc) -> Acc),
-    Acc,
-    emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:t()
-) ->
-    Acc.
-fold_all(Fun, AccIn, S) ->
-    Subs = emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:get_subscriptions(S),
-    emqx_topic_gbt:fold(
-        fun(Key, Sub, Acc) -> Fun(emqx_topic_gbt:get_topic(Key), Sub, Acc) end,
-        AccIn,
-        Subs
-    ).
+-spec cold_get_subscription(emqx_persistent_session_ds:id(), emqx_types:topic()) ->
+    emqx_persistent_session_ds:subscription() | undefined.
+cold_get_subscription(SessionId, Topic) ->
+    case emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:cold_get_subscription(SessionId, Topic) of
+        [Sub = #{current_state := SStateId}] ->
+            case
+                emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:cold_get_subscription_state(SessionId, SStateId)
+            of
+                [#{subopts := Subopts}] ->
+                    Sub#{subopts => Subopts};
+                _ ->
+                    undefined
+            end;
+        _ ->
+            undefined
+    end.
 
 %%================================================================================
 %% Internal functions
 %%================================================================================
 
--spec has_no_unacked_streams(
-    emqx_persistent_session_ds:subscription_id(), emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:t()
-) -> boolean().
-has_no_unacked_streams(SubId, S) ->
-    emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:fold_streams(
-        fun
-            ({SID, _Stream}, Srs, Acc) when SID =:= SubId ->
-                emqx_persistent_session_ds_stream_scheduler:is_fully_acked(Srs, S) andalso Acc;
-            (_StreamKey, _Srs, Acc) ->
-                Acc
-        end,
-        true,
-        S
-    ).
+now_ms() ->
+    erlang:system_time(millisecond).
diff --git a/apps/emqx/src/emqx_session.erl b/apps/emqx/src/emqx_session.erl
index 37a86bda6..3892740a6 100644
--- a/apps/emqx/src/emqx_session.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx/src/emqx_session.erl
@@ -429,6 +429,11 @@ enrich_deliver(ClientInfo, {deliver, Topic, Msg}, UpgradeQoS, Session) ->
         end,
     enrich_message(ClientInfo, Msg, SubOpts, UpgradeQoS).
 
+%% Caution: updating this function _may_ break consistency of replay
+%% for persistent sessions. Persistent sessions expect it to return
+%% the same result during replay. If it changes the behavior between
+%% releases, sessions restored from the cold storage may end up
+%% replaying messages with different QoS, etc.
 enrich_message(
     ClientInfo = #{clientid := ClientId},
     Msg = #message{from = ClientId},
diff --git a/apps/emqx/test/emqx_persistent_session_ds_state_tests.erl b/apps/emqx/test/emqx_persistent_session_ds_state_tests.erl
index 61e0575a8..375b4f4b1 100644
--- a/apps/emqx/test/emqx_persistent_session_ds_state_tests.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx/test/emqx_persistent_session_ds_state_tests.erl
@@ -74,9 +74,6 @@ session_id() ->
 topic() ->
     oneof([<<"foo">>, <<"bar">>, <<"foo/#">>, <<"//+/#">>]).
 
-subid() ->
-    oneof([[]]).
-
 subscription() ->
     oneof([#{}]).
 
@@ -129,18 +126,25 @@ put_req() ->
             {Track, Seqno},
             {seqno_track(), seqno()},
             {#s.seqno, put_seqno, Track, Seqno}
+        ),
+        ?LET(
+            {Topic, Subscription},
+            {topic(), subscription()},
+            {#s.subs, put_subscription, Topic, Subscription}
         )
     ]).
 
 get_req() ->
     oneof([
         {#s.streams, get_stream, stream_id()},
-        {#s.seqno, get_seqno, seqno_track()}
+        {#s.seqno, get_seqno, seqno_track()},
+        {#s.subs, get_subscription, topic()}
     ]).
 
 del_req() ->
     oneof([
-        {#s.streams, del_stream, stream_id()}
+        {#s.streams, del_stream, stream_id()},
+        {#s.subs, del_subscription, topic()}
     ]).
 
 command(S) ->
@@ -153,13 +157,6 @@ command(S) ->
                 {2, {call, ?MODULE, reopen, [session_id(S)]}},
                 {2, {call, ?MODULE, commit, [session_id(S)]}},
 
-                %% Subscriptions:
-                {3,
-                    {call, ?MODULE, put_subscription, [
-                        session_id(S), topic(), subid(), subscription()
-                    ]}},
-                {3, {call, ?MODULE, del_subscription, [session_id(S), topic(), subid()]}},
-
                 %% Metadata:
                 {3, {call, ?MODULE, put_metadata, [session_id(S), put_metadata()]}},
                 {3, {call, ?MODULE, get_metadata, [session_id(S), get_metadata()]}},
@@ -170,7 +167,6 @@ command(S) ->
                 {3, {call, ?MODULE, gen_del, [session_id(S), del_req()]}},
 
                 %% Getters:
-                {4, {call, ?MODULE, get_subscriptions, [session_id(S)]}},
                 {1, {call, ?MODULE, iterate_sessions, [batch_size()]}}
             ]);
         false ->
@@ -207,19 +203,6 @@ postcondition(S, {call, ?MODULE, gen_get, [SessionId, {Idx, Fun, Key}]}, Result)
         #{session_id => SessionId, key => Key, 'fun' => Fun}
     ),
     true;
-postcondition(S, {call, ?MODULE, get_subscriptions, [SessionId]}, Result) ->
-    #{SessionId := #s{subs = Subs}} = S,
-    ?assertEqual(maps:size(Subs), emqx_topic_gbt:size(Result)),
-    maps:foreach(
-        fun({TopicFilter, Id}, Expected) ->
-            ?assertEqual(
-                Expected,
-                emqx_topic_gbt:lookup(TopicFilter, Id, Result, default)
-            )
-        end,
-        Subs
-    ),
-    true;
 postcondition(_, _, _) ->
     true.
 
@@ -227,22 +210,6 @@ next_state(S, _V, {call, ?MODULE, create_new, [SessionId]}) ->
     S#{SessionId => #s{}};
 next_state(S, _V, {call, ?MODULE, delete, [SessionId]}) ->
     maps:remove(SessionId, S);
-next_state(S, _V, {call, ?MODULE, put_subscription, [SessionId, TopicFilter, SubId, Subscription]}) ->
-    Key = {TopicFilter, SubId},
-    update(
-        SessionId,
-        #s.subs,
-        fun(Subs) -> Subs#{Key => Subscription} end,
-        S
-    );
-next_state(S, _V, {call, ?MODULE, del_subscription, [SessionId, TopicFilter, SubId]}) ->
-    Key = {TopicFilter, SubId},
-    update(
-        SessionId,
-        #s.subs,
-        fun(Subs) -> maps:remove(Key, Subs) end,
-        S
-    );
 next_state(S, _V, {call, ?MODULE, put_metadata, [SessionId, {Key, _Fun, Val}]}) ->
     update(
         SessionId,
@@ -296,19 +263,6 @@ reopen(SessionId) ->
     {ok, S} = emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:open(SessionId),
     put_state(SessionId, S).
 
-put_subscription(SessionId, TopicFilter, SubId, Subscription) ->
-    S = emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:put_subscription(
-        TopicFilter, SubId, Subscription, get_state(SessionId)
-    ),
-    put_state(SessionId, S).
-
-del_subscription(SessionId, TopicFilter, SubId) ->
-    S = emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:del_subscription(TopicFilter, SubId, get_state(SessionId)),
-    put_state(SessionId, S).
-
-get_subscriptions(SessionId) ->
-    emqx_persistent_session_ds_state:get_subscriptions(get_state(SessionId)).
-
 put_metadata(SessionId, {_MetaKey, Fun, Value}) ->
     S = apply(emqx_persistent_session_ds_state, Fun, [Value, get_state(SessionId)]),
     put_state(SessionId, S).
diff --git a/apps/emqx_bridge_cassandra/test/emqx_bridge_cassandra_SUITE.erl b/apps/emqx_bridge_cassandra/test/emqx_bridge_cassandra_SUITE.erl
index 868d0191e..449d1fa51 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_bridge_cassandra/test/emqx_bridge_cassandra_SUITE.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_bridge_cassandra/test/emqx_bridge_cassandra_SUITE.erl
@@ -581,7 +581,6 @@ t_write_failure(Config) ->
                 )
         end),
         fun(Trace0) ->
-            ct:pal("trace: ~p", [Trace0]),
             Trace = ?of_kind(
                 [buffer_worker_flush_nack, buffer_worker_retry_inflight_failed], Trace0
             ),
diff --git a/apps/emqx_bridge_gcp_pubsub/test/emqx_bridge_gcp_pubsub_producer_SUITE.erl b/apps/emqx_bridge_gcp_pubsub/test/emqx_bridge_gcp_pubsub_producer_SUITE.erl
index 6666a3fd0..d96157f8c 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_bridge_gcp_pubsub/test/emqx_bridge_gcp_pubsub_producer_SUITE.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_bridge_gcp_pubsub/test/emqx_bridge_gcp_pubsub_producer_SUITE.erl
@@ -1929,7 +1929,6 @@ t_bad_attributes(Config) ->
             ok
         end,
         fun(Trace) ->
-            ct:pal("trace:\n  ~p", [Trace]),
             ?assertMatch(
                 [
                     #{placeholder := [<<"payload">>, <<"ok">>], value := #{}},
diff --git a/apps/emqx_bridge_mysql/test/emqx_bridge_mysql_SUITE.erl b/apps/emqx_bridge_mysql/test/emqx_bridge_mysql_SUITE.erl
index 8b719de9a..9ad2fbc5a 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_bridge_mysql/test/emqx_bridge_mysql_SUITE.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_bridge_mysql/test/emqx_bridge_mysql_SUITE.erl
@@ -517,7 +517,6 @@ t_write_failure(Config) ->
             ok
         end,
         fun(Trace0) ->
-            ct:pal("trace: ~p", [Trace0]),
             Trace = ?of_kind(buffer_worker_flush_nack, Trace0),
             ?assertMatch([#{result := {error, _}} | _], Trace),
             [#{result := {error, Error}} | _] = Trace,
diff --git a/apps/emqx_bridge_pgsql/test/emqx_bridge_pgsql_SUITE.erl b/apps/emqx_bridge_pgsql/test/emqx_bridge_pgsql_SUITE.erl
index 3e9428c88..f4917f387 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_bridge_pgsql/test/emqx_bridge_pgsql_SUITE.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_bridge_pgsql/test/emqx_bridge_pgsql_SUITE.erl
@@ -520,7 +520,6 @@ t_write_failure(Config) ->
                 )
         end),
         fun(Trace0) ->
-            ct:pal("trace: ~p", [Trace0]),
             Trace = ?of_kind(buffer_worker_flush_nack, Trace0),
             ?assertMatch([#{result := {error, _}} | _], Trace),
             [#{result := {error, Error}} | _] = Trace,
diff --git a/apps/emqx_durable_storage/README.md b/apps/emqx_durable_storage/README.md
index f613085bb..1e87f3907 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_durable_storage/README.md
+++ b/apps/emqx_durable_storage/README.md
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ This makes the storage disk requirements very predictable: only the number of _p
 
 DS _backend_ is a callback module that implements `emqx_ds` behavior.
 
-EMQX repository contains the "builtin" backend, implemented in `emqx_ds_replication_layer` module, that uses RocksDB as the main storage.
+EMQX repository contains the "builtin" backend, implemented in `emqx_ds_replication_layer` module, that uses Raft algorithm for data replication, and RocksDB as the main storage.
 
 Note that builtin backend introduces the concept of **site** to alleviate the problem of changing node names.
 Site IDs are persistent, and they are randomly generated at the first startup of the node.
@@ -95,10 +95,10 @@ Consumption of messages is done in several stages:
 
 # Limitation
 
-- Builtin backend currently doesn't replicate data across different sites
 - There is no local cache of messages, which may result in transferring the same data multiple times
 
 # Documentation links
+
 TBD
 
 # Usage
diff --git a/apps/emqx_management/src/emqx_mgmt_api_clients.erl b/apps/emqx_management/src/emqx_mgmt_api_clients.erl
index 7128f1c3a..38320780d 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_management/src/emqx_mgmt_api_clients.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_management/src/emqx_mgmt_api_clients.erl
@@ -1747,6 +1747,7 @@ format_channel_info(undefined, {ClientId, PSInfo0 = #{}}, _Opts) ->
 
 format_persistent_session_info(ClientId, PSInfo0) ->
     Metadata = maps:get(metadata, PSInfo0, #{}),
+    {ProtoName, ProtoVer} = maps:get(protocol, Metadata),
     PSInfo1 = maps:with([created_at, expiry_interval], Metadata),
     CreatedAt = maps:get(created_at, PSInfo1),
     case Metadata of
@@ -1763,7 +1764,12 @@ format_persistent_session_info(ClientId, PSInfo0) ->
         connected_at => CreatedAt,
         ip_address => IpAddress,
         is_persistent => true,
-        port => Port
+        port => Port,
+        heap_size => 0,
+        mqueue_len => 0,
+        proto_name => ProtoName,
+        proto_ver => ProtoVer,
+        subscriptions_cnt => maps:size(maps:get(subscriptions, PSInfo0, #{}))
     },
     PSInfo = lists:foldl(
         fun result_format_time_fun/2,
diff --git a/apps/emqx_management/src/emqx_mgmt_api_subscriptions.erl b/apps/emqx_management/src/emqx_mgmt_api_subscriptions.erl
index cb8421211..b1a8fbce2 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_management/src/emqx_mgmt_api_subscriptions.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_management/src/emqx_mgmt_api_subscriptions.erl
@@ -86,7 +86,8 @@ fields(subscription) ->
         {qos, hoconsc:mk(emqx_schema:qos(), #{desc => <<"QoS">>, example => 0})},
         {nl, hoconsc:mk(integer(), #{desc => <<"No Local">>, example => 0})},
         {rap, hoconsc:mk(integer(), #{desc => <<"Retain as Published">>, example => 0})},
-        {rh, hoconsc:mk(integer(), #{desc => <<"Retain Handling">>, example => 0})}
+        {rh, hoconsc:mk(integer(), #{desc => <<"Retain Handling">>, example => 0})},
+        {durable, hoconsc:mk(boolean(), #{desc => <<"Durable subscription">>, example => false})}
     ].
 
 parameters() ->
@@ -141,6 +142,14 @@ parameters() ->
                 required => false,
                 desc => <<"Shared subscription group name">>
             })
+        },
+        {
+            durable,
+            hoconsc:mk(boolean(), #{
+                in => query,
+                required => false,
+                desc => <<"Filter subscriptions by durability">>
+            })
         }
     ].
 
@@ -167,7 +176,8 @@ format(WhichNode, {{Topic, _Subscriber}, SubOpts}) ->
         #{
             topic => emqx_topic:maybe_format_share(Topic),
             clientid => maps:get(subid, SubOpts, null),
-            node => WhichNode
+            node => WhichNode,
+            durable => false
         },
         maps:with([qos, nl, rap, rh], SubOpts)
     ).
@@ -187,7 +197,22 @@ check_match_topic(#{<<"match_topic">> := MatchTopic}) ->
 check_match_topic(_) ->
     ok.
 
-do_subscriptions_query(QString) ->
+do_subscriptions_query(QString0) ->
+    {IsDurable, QString} = maps:take(
+        <<"durable">>, maps:merge(#{<<"durable">> => undefined}, QString0)
+    ),
+    case emqx_persistent_message:is_persistence_enabled() andalso IsDurable of
+        false ->
+            do_subscriptions_query_mem(QString);
+        true ->
+            do_subscriptions_query_persistent(QString);
+        undefined ->
+            merge_queries(
+                QString, fun do_subscriptions_query_mem/1, fun do_subscriptions_query_persistent/1
+            )
+    end.
+
+do_subscriptions_query_mem(QString) ->
     Args = [?SUBOPTION, QString, ?SUBS_QSCHEMA, fun ?MODULE:qs2ms/2, fun ?MODULE:format/2],
     case maps:get(<<"node">>, QString, undefined) of
         undefined ->
@@ -201,8 +226,196 @@ do_subscriptions_query(QString) ->
             end
     end.
 
+do_subscriptions_query_persistent(#{<<"page">> := Page, <<"limit">> := Limit} = QString) ->
+    Count = emqx_persistent_session_ds_router:stats(n_routes),
+    %% TODO: filtering by client ID can be implemented more efficiently:
+    FilterTopic = maps:get(<<"topic">>, QString, '_'),
+    Stream0 = emqx_persistent_session_ds_router:stream(FilterTopic),
+    SubPred = fun(Sub) ->
+        compare_optional(<<"topic">>, QString, topic, Sub) andalso
+            compare_optional(<<"clientid">>, QString, clientid, Sub) andalso
+            compare_optional(<<"qos">>, QString, qos, Sub) andalso
+            compare_match_topic_optional(<<"match_topic">>, QString, topic, Sub)
+    end,
+    NDropped = (Page - 1) * Limit,
+    {_, Stream} = consume_n_matching(
+        fun persistent_route_to_subscription/1, SubPred, NDropped, Stream0
+    ),
+    {Subscriptions, Stream1} = consume_n_matching(
+        fun persistent_route_to_subscription/1, SubPred, Limit, Stream
+    ),
+    HasNext = Stream1 =/= [],
+    Meta =
+        case maps:is_key(<<"match_topic">>, QString) orelse maps:is_key(<<"qos">>, QString) of
+            true ->
+                %% Fuzzy searches shouldn't return count:
+                #{
+                    limit => Limit,
+                    page => Page,
+                    hasnext => HasNext
+                };
+            false ->
+                #{
+                    count => Count,
+                    limit => Limit,
+                    page => Page,
+                    hasnext => HasNext
+                }
+        end,
+
+    #{
+        meta => Meta,
+        data => Subscriptions
+    }.
+
+compare_optional(QField, Query, SField, Subscription) ->
+    case Query of
+        #{QField := Expected} ->
+            maps:get(SField, Subscription) =:= Expected;
+        _ ->
+            true
+    end.
+
+compare_match_topic_optional(QField, Query, SField, Subscription) ->
+    case Query of
+        #{QField := TopicFilter} ->
+            Topic = maps:get(SField, Subscription),
+            emqx_topic:match(Topic, TopicFilter);
+        _ ->
+            true
+    end.
+
+%% @doc Drop elements from the stream until encountered N elements
+%% matching the predicate function.
+-spec consume_n_matching(
+    fun((T) -> Q),
+    fun((Q) -> boolean()),
+    non_neg_integer(),
+    emqx_utils_stream:stream(T)
+) -> {[Q], emqx_utils_stream:stream(T) | empty}.
+consume_n_matching(Map, Pred, N, S) ->
+    consume_n_matching(Map, Pred, N, S, []).
+
+consume_n_matching(_Map, _Pred, _N, [], Acc) ->
+    {lists:reverse(Acc), []};
+consume_n_matching(_Map, _Pred, 0, S, Acc) ->
+    {lists:reverse(Acc), S};
+consume_n_matching(Map, Pred, N, S0, Acc) ->
+    case emqx_utils_stream:next(S0) of
+        [] ->
+            consume_n_matching(Map, Pred, N, [], Acc);
+        [Elem | S] ->
+            Mapped = Map(Elem),
+            case Pred(Mapped) of
+                true -> consume_n_matching(Map, Pred, N - 1, S, [Mapped | Acc]);
+                false -> consume_n_matching(Map, Pred, N, S, Acc)
+            end
+    end.
+
+persistent_route_to_subscription(#route{topic = Topic, dest = SessionId}) ->
+    case emqx_persistent_session_ds:get_client_subscription(SessionId, Topic) of
+        #{subopts := SubOpts} ->
+            #{qos := Qos, nl := Nl, rh := Rh, rap := Rap} = SubOpts,
+            #{
+                topic => Topic,
+                clientid => SessionId,
+                node => all,
+
+                qos => Qos,
+                nl => Nl,
+                rh => Rh,
+                rap => Rap,
+                durable => true
+            };
+        undefined ->
+            #{
+                topic => Topic,
+                clientid => SessionId,
+                node => all,
+                durable => true
+            }
+    end.
+
+%% @private This function merges paginated results from two sources.
+%%
+%% Note: this implementation is far from ideal: `count' for the
+%% queries may be missing, it may be larger than the actual number of
+%% elements. This may lead to empty pages that can confuse the user.
+%%
+%% Not much can be done to mitigate that, though: since the count may
+%% be incorrect, we cannot run simple math to determine when one
+%% stream begins and another ends: it requires actual iteration.
+%%
+%% Ideally, the dashboard must be split between durable and mem
+%% subscriptions, and this function should be removed for good.
+merge_queries(QString0, Q1, Q2) ->
+    #{<<"limit">> := Limit, <<"page">> := Page} = QString0,
+    C1 = resp_count(QString0, Q1),
+    C2 = resp_count(QString0, Q2),
+    Meta =
+        case is_number(C1) andalso is_number(C2) of
+            true ->
+                #{
+                    count => C1 + C2,
+                    limit => Limit,
+                    page => Page
+                };
+            false ->
+                #{
+                    limit => Limit,
+                    page => Page
+                }
+        end,
+    case {C1, C2} of
+        {_, 0} ->
+            %% The second query is empty. Just return the result of Q1 as usual:
+            Q1(QString0);
+        {0, _} ->
+            %% The first query is empty. Just return the result of Q2 as usual:
+            Q2(QString0);
+        _ when is_number(C1) ->
+            %% Both queries are potentially non-empty, but we at least
+            %% have the page number for the first query. We try to
+            %% stich the pages together and thus respect the limit
+            %% (except for the page where the results switch from Q1
+            %% to Q2).
+
+            %% Page where data from the second query is estimated to
+            %% begin:
+            Q2Page = ceil(C1 / Limit),
+            case Page =< Q2Page of
+                true ->
+                    #{data := Data, meta := #{hasnext := HN}} = Q1(QString0),
+                    #{
+                        data => Data,
+                        meta => Meta#{hasnext => HN orelse C2 > 0}
+                    };
+                false ->
+                    QString = QString0#{<<"page">> => Page - Q2Page},
+                    #{data := Data, meta := #{hasnext := HN}} = Q2(QString),
+                    #{data => Data, meta => Meta#{hasnext => HN}}
+            end;
+        _ ->
+            %% We don't know how many items is there in the first
+            %% query, and the second query is not empty (this includes
+            %% the case where `C2' is `undefined'). Best we can do is
+            %% to interleave the queries. This may produce less
+            %% results per page than `Limit'.
+            QString = QString0#{<<"limit">> => ceil(Limit / 2)},
+            #{data := D1, meta := #{hasnext := HN1}} = Q1(QString),
+            #{data := D2, meta := #{hasnext := HN2}} = Q2(QString),
+            #{
+                meta => Meta#{hasnext => HN1 or HN2},
+                data => D1 ++ D2
+            }
+    end.
+
+resp_count(Query, QFun) ->
+    #{meta := Meta} = QFun(Query#{<<"limit">> => 1, <<"page">> => 1}),
+    maps:get(count, Meta, undefined).
+
 %%--------------------------------------------------------------------
-%% QueryString to MatchSpec
+%% QueryString to MatchSpec (mem sessions)
 %%--------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 -spec qs2ms(atom(), {list(), list()}) -> emqx_mgmt_api:match_spec_and_filter().
diff --git a/apps/emqx_management/test/emqx_mgmt_api_subscription_SUITE.erl b/apps/emqx_management/test/emqx_mgmt_api_subscription_SUITE.erl
index 356ae97e4..435a837e3 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_management/test/emqx_mgmt_api_subscription_SUITE.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_management/test/emqx_mgmt_api_subscription_SUITE.erl
@@ -36,17 +36,72 @@
 -define(TOPIC_SORT, #{?TOPIC1 => 1, ?TOPIC2 => 2}).
 
 all() ->
-    emqx_common_test_helpers:all(?MODULE).
+    [
+        {group, mem},
+        {group, persistent}
+    ].
+
+groups() ->
+    CommonTCs = emqx_common_test_helpers:all(?MODULE),
+    [
+        {mem, CommonTCs},
+        %% Shared subscriptions are currently not supported:
+        {persistent, CommonTCs -- [t_list_with_shared_sub, t_subscription_api]}
+    ].
 
 init_per_suite(Config) ->
-    emqx_mgmt_api_test_util:init_suite(),
+    Apps = emqx_cth_suite:start(
+        [
+            {emqx,
+                "session_persistence {\n"
+                "    enable = true\n"
+                "    renew_streams_interval = 10ms\n"
+                "}"},
+            emqx_management,
+            emqx_mgmt_api_test_util:emqx_dashboard()
+        ],
+        #{work_dir => emqx_cth_suite:work_dir(Config)}
+    ),
+    [{apps, Apps} | Config].
+
+end_per_suite(Config) ->
+    ok = emqx_cth_suite:stop(?config(apps, Config)).
+
+init_per_group(persistent, Config) ->
+    ClientConfig = #{
+        username => ?USERNAME,
+        clientid => ?CLIENTID,
+        proto_ver => v5,
+        clean_start => true,
+        properties => #{'Session-Expiry-Interval' => 300}
+    },
+    [{client_config, ClientConfig}, {durable, true} | Config];
+init_per_group(mem, Config) ->
+    ClientConfig = #{
+        username => ?USERNAME, clientid => ?CLIENTID, proto_ver => v5, clean_start => true
+    },
+    [{client_config, ClientConfig}, {durable, false} | Config].
+
+end_per_group(_, Config) ->
     Config.
 
-end_per_suite(_) ->
-    emqx_mgmt_api_test_util:end_suite().
+init_per_testcase(_TC, Config) ->
+    case ?config(client_config, Config) of
+        ClientConfig when is_map(ClientConfig) ->
+            {ok, Client} = emqtt:start_link(ClientConfig),
+            {ok, _} = emqtt:connect(Client),
+            [{client, Client} | Config];
+        _ ->
+            Config
+    end.
+
+end_per_testcase(_TC, Config) ->
+    Client = proplists:get_value(client, Config),
+    emqtt:disconnect(Client).
 
 t_subscription_api(Config) ->
     Client = proplists:get_value(client, Config),
+    Durable = atom_to_list(?config(durable, Config)),
     {ok, _, _} = emqtt:subscribe(
         Client, [
             {?TOPIC1, [{rh, ?TOPIC1RH}, {rap, ?TOPIC1RAP}, {nl, ?TOPIC1NL}, {qos, ?TOPIC1QOS}]}
@@ -54,12 +109,13 @@ t_subscription_api(Config) ->
     ),
     {ok, _, _} = emqtt:subscribe(Client, ?TOPIC2),
     Path = emqx_mgmt_api_test_util:api_path(["subscriptions"]),
+    timer:sleep(100),
     {ok, Response} = emqx_mgmt_api_test_util:request_api(get, Path),
     Data = emqx_utils_json:decode(Response, [return_maps]),
     Meta = maps:get(<<"meta">>, Data),
     ?assertEqual(1, maps:get(<<"page">>, Meta)),
     ?assertEqual(emqx_mgmt:default_row_limit(), maps:get(<<"limit">>, Meta)),
-    ?assertEqual(2, maps:get(<<"count">>, Meta)),
+    ?assertEqual(2, maps:get(<<"count">>, Meta), Data),
     Subscriptions = maps:get(<<"data">>, Data),
     ?assertEqual(length(Subscriptions), 2),
     Sort =
@@ -90,7 +146,8 @@ t_subscription_api(Config) ->
         {"node", atom_to_list(node())},
         {"qos", "0"},
         {"share_group", "test_group"},
-        {"match_topic", "t/#"}
+        {"match_topic", "t/#"},
+        {"durable", Durable}
     ],
     Headers = emqx_mgmt_api_test_util:auth_header_(),
 
@@ -103,6 +160,7 @@ t_subscription_api(Config) ->
 
 t_subscription_fuzzy_search(Config) ->
     Client = proplists:get_value(client, Config),
+    Durable = atom_to_list(?config(durable, Config)),
     Topics = [
         <<"t/foo">>,
         <<"t/foo/bar">>,
@@ -116,7 +174,8 @@ t_subscription_fuzzy_search(Config) ->
     MatchQs = [
         {"clientid", ?CLIENTID},
         {"node", atom_to_list(node())},
-        {"match_topic", "t/#"}
+        {"match_topic", "t/#"},
+        {"durable", Durable}
     ],
 
     MatchData1 = #{<<"meta">> := MatchMeta1} = request_json(get, MatchQs, Headers),
@@ -130,12 +189,13 @@ t_subscription_fuzzy_search(Config) ->
     LimitMatchQuery = [
         {"clientid", ?CLIENTID},
         {"match_topic", "+/+/+"},
-        {"limit", "3"}
+        {"limit", "3"},
+        {"durable", Durable}
     ],
 
     MatchData2 = #{<<"meta">> := MatchMeta2} = request_json(get, LimitMatchQuery, Headers),
     ?assertEqual(#{<<"page">> => 1, <<"limit">> => 3, <<"hasnext">> => true}, MatchMeta2),
-    ?assertEqual(3, length(maps:get(<<"data">>, MatchData2))),
+    ?assertEqual(3, length(maps:get(<<"data">>, MatchData2)), MatchData2),
 
     MatchData2P2 =
         #{<<"meta">> := MatchMeta2P2} =
@@ -176,8 +236,8 @@ t_list_with_shared_sub(_Config) ->
 
     ok.
 
-t_list_with_invalid_match_topic(_Config) ->
-    Client = proplists:get_value(client, _Config),
+t_list_with_invalid_match_topic(Config) ->
+    Client = proplists:get_value(client, Config),
     RealTopic = <<"t/+">>,
     Topic = <<"$share/g1/", RealTopic/binary>>,
 
@@ -212,12 +272,3 @@ request_json(Method, Query, Headers) when is_list(Query) ->
 
 path() ->
     emqx_mgmt_api_test_util:api_path(["subscriptions"]).
-
-init_per_testcase(_TC, Config) ->
-    {ok, Client} = emqtt:start_link(#{username => ?USERNAME, clientid => ?CLIENTID, proto_ver => v5}),
-    {ok, _} = emqtt:connect(Client),
-    [{client, Client} | Config].
-
-end_per_testcase(_TC, Config) ->
-    Client = proplists:get_value(client, Config),
-    emqtt:disconnect(Client).
diff --git a/apps/emqx_resource/test/emqx_resource_SUITE.erl b/apps/emqx_resource/test/emqx_resource_SUITE.erl
index d018ce709..05a2f711d 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_resource/test/emqx_resource_SUITE.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_resource/test/emqx_resource_SUITE.erl
@@ -3345,7 +3345,6 @@ wait_n_events(NEvents, Timeout, EventName) ->
     end.
 
 assert_sync_retry_fail_then_succeed_inflight(Trace) ->
-    ct:pal("  ~p", [Trace]),
     ?assert(
         ?strict_causality(
             #{?snk_kind := buffer_worker_flush_nack, ref := _Ref},
@@ -3365,7 +3364,6 @@ assert_sync_retry_fail_then_succeed_inflight(Trace) ->
     ok.
 
 assert_async_retry_fail_then_succeed_inflight(Trace) ->
-    ct:pal("  ~p", [Trace]),
     ?assert(
         ?strict_causality(
             #{?snk_kind := handle_async_reply, action := nack},
diff --git a/changes/ce/fix-12874.en.md b/changes/ce/fix-12874.en.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1a5814b07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changes/ce/fix-12874.en.md
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+- Ensure consistency of the durable message replay when the subscriptions are modified before session reconnects
+
+- Persistent sessions save inflight packet IDs for the received QoS2 messages
+
+- Make behavior of the persistent sessions consistent with the non-persistent sessions in regard to overlapping subscriptions
+
+- List persistent subscriptions in the REST API