diff --git a/.github/workflows/run_emqx_app_tests.yaml b/.github/workflows/run_emqx_app_tests.yaml
index ffed8d0c8..24c3d2b42 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/run_emqx_app_tests.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/run_emqx_app_tests.yaml
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ jobs:
         ./rebar3 xref
         ./rebar3 dialyzer
         ./rebar3 eunit -v
-        ./rebar3 ct -v
+        ./rebar3 ct -v --readable=true
         ./rebar3 proper -d test/props
     - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
       if: failure()
diff --git a/apps/emqx/test/emqx_broker_SUITE.erl b/apps/emqx/test/emqx_broker_SUITE.erl
index d0c26ceb5..6e03971a5 100644
--- a/apps/emqx/test/emqx_broker_SUITE.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx/test/emqx_broker_SUITE.erl
@@ -93,7 +93,6 @@ end_per_group(_Group, _Config) ->
     emqx_common_test_helpers:stop_apps([]).
 
 init_per_suite(Config) ->
-    emqx_common_test_helpers:clear_screen(),
     Config.
 
 end_per_suite(_Config) ->
diff --git a/apps/emqx/test/emqx_channel_SUITE.erl b/apps/emqx/test/emqx_channel_SUITE.erl
index e77bef90c..ce02f16c3 100644
--- a/apps/emqx/test/emqx_channel_SUITE.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx/test/emqx_channel_SUITE.erl
@@ -885,14 +885,24 @@ t_handle_kicked_publish_will_msg(_) ->
     Self = self(),
     ok = meck:expect(emqx_broker, publish, fun(M) -> Self ! {pub, M} end),
 
-    Msg = emqx_message:make(test, <<"will_topic">>, <<"will_payload">>),
+    ClientId = test,
+    WillTopic = <<"will_topic">>,
+    WillPayload = <<"will_payload">>,
+    Msg = emqx_message:make(ClientId, WillTopic, WillPayload),
 
     {shutdown, kicked, ok, ?DISCONNECT_PACKET(?RC_ADMINISTRATIVE_ACTION), _} = emqx_channel:handle_call(
         kick, channel(#{will_msg => Msg})
     ),
     receive
-        {pub, Msg} -> ok
-    after 10_000 -> exit(will_message_not_published)
+        {pub, RecMsg} ->
+            ?assertEqual(ClientId, RecMsg#message.from, #{msg => Msg}),
+            ?assertEqual(WillTopic, RecMsg#message.topic, #{msg => Msg}),
+            ?assertEqual(WillPayload, RecMsg#message.payload, #{msg => Msg}),
+            ok
+    after 5_000 ->
+        ct:pal("expected message: ~p", [Msg]),
+        ct:pal("~p mailbox: ~p", [?LINE, process_info(self(), messages)]),
+        exit(will_message_not_published)
     end.
 
 t_handle_call_discard(_) ->
diff --git a/apps/emqx/test/emqx_common_test_helpers.erl b/apps/emqx/test/emqx_common_test_helpers.erl
index f85ed2599..7aaf93c99 100644
--- a/apps/emqx/test/emqx_common_test_helpers.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx/test/emqx_common_test_helpers.erl
@@ -756,8 +756,8 @@ start_slave(Name, Opts) when is_map(Opts) ->
             throw(Other)
     end,
     pong = net_adm:ping(Node),
-    setup_node(Node, Opts),
     ok = snabbkaffe:forward_trace(Node),
+    setup_node(Node, Opts),
     Node.
 
 %% Node stopping
diff --git a/apps/emqx_bridge/src/emqx_bridge_app.erl b/apps/emqx_bridge/src/emqx_bridge_app.erl
index daae15a17..e59259c3e 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_bridge/src/emqx_bridge_app.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_bridge/src/emqx_bridge_app.erl
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@
 
 -behaviour(application).
 
+-include_lib("snabbkaffe/include/snabbkaffe.hrl").
+
 -export([start/2, stop/1]).
 
 -export([
@@ -34,6 +36,7 @@ start(_StartType, _StartArgs) ->
     ok = emqx_bridge:load_hook(),
     ok = emqx_config_handler:add_handler(?LEAF_NODE_HDLR_PATH, ?MODULE),
     ok = emqx_config_handler:add_handler(?TOP_LELVE_HDLR_PATH, emqx_bridge),
+    ?tp(emqx_bridge_app_started, #{}),
     {ok, Sup}.
 
 stop(_State) ->
diff --git a/apps/emqx_bridge_gcp_pubsub/test/emqx_bridge_gcp_pubsub_SUITE.erl b/apps/emqx_bridge_gcp_pubsub/test/emqx_bridge_gcp_pubsub_SUITE.erl
index 814051733..65b88d45b 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_bridge_gcp_pubsub/test/emqx_bridge_gcp_pubsub_SUITE.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_bridge_gcp_pubsub/test/emqx_bridge_gcp_pubsub_SUITE.erl
@@ -1062,10 +1062,15 @@ do_econnrefused_or_timeout_test(Config, Error) ->
         fun(Trace) ->
             case Error of
                 econnrefused ->
-                    ?assertMatch(
-                        [#{reason := Error, connector := ResourceId} | _],
-                        ?of_kind(gcp_pubsub_request_failed, Trace)
-                    );
+                    case ?of_kind(gcp_pubsub_request_failed, Trace) of
+                        [#{reason := Error, connector := ResourceId} | _] ->
+                            ok;
+                        [#{reason := {closed, _Msg}, connector := ResourceId} | _] ->
+                            %% _Msg = "The connection was lost."
+                            ok;
+                        Trace0 ->
+                            error({unexpected_trace, Trace0})
+                    end;
                 timeout ->
                     ?assertMatch(
                         [_, _ | _],
diff --git a/apps/emqx_bridge_kafka/test/emqx_bridge_kafka_impl_consumer_SUITE.erl b/apps/emqx_bridge_kafka/test/emqx_bridge_kafka_impl_consumer_SUITE.erl
index 7e7acbcd5..33c207c39 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_bridge_kafka/test/emqx_bridge_kafka_impl_consumer_SUITE.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_bridge_kafka/test/emqx_bridge_kafka_impl_consumer_SUITE.erl
@@ -2078,7 +2078,7 @@ t_resource_manager_crash_after_subscriber_started(Config) ->
                     10_000
                 ),
             case Res of
-                {error, {config_update_crashed, {killed, _}}} ->
+                {error, {config_update_crashed, _}} ->
                     ok;
                 {ok, _} ->
                     %% the new manager may have had time to startup
@@ -2135,7 +2135,7 @@ t_resource_manager_crash_before_subscriber_started(Config) ->
                     10_000
                 ),
             case Res of
-                {error, {config_update_crashed, {killed, _}}} ->
+                {error, {config_update_crashed, _}} ->
                     ok;
                 {ok, _} ->
                     %% the new manager may have had time to startup
diff --git a/apps/emqx_bridge_oracle/test/emqx_bridge_oracle_SUITE.erl b/apps/emqx_bridge_oracle/test/emqx_bridge_oracle_SUITE.erl
index f280c51d6..721beab6e 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_bridge_oracle/test/emqx_bridge_oracle_SUITE.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_bridge_oracle/test/emqx_bridge_oracle_SUITE.erl
@@ -203,8 +203,9 @@ oracle_config(TestCase, _ConnectionType, Config) ->
             "  pool_size = 1\n"
             "  sql = \"~s\"\n"
             "  resource_opts = {\n"
-            "     auto_restart_interval = 5000\n"
-            "     request_timeout = 30000\n"
+            "     auto_restart_interval = \"5s\"\n"
+            "     health_check_interval = \"5s\"\n"
+            "     request_timeout = \"30s\"\n"
             "     query_mode = \"async\"\n"
             "     enable_batch = true\n"
             "     batch_size = 3\n"
@@ -233,6 +234,11 @@ resource_id(Config) ->
     Name = ?config(oracle_name, Config),
     emqx_bridge_resource:resource_id(Type, Name).
 
+bridge_id(Config) ->
+    Type = ?BRIDGE_TYPE_BIN,
+    Name = ?config(oracle_name, Config),
+    emqx_bridge_resource:bridge_id(Type, Name).
+
 create_bridge(Config) ->
     create_bridge(Config, _Overrides = #{}).
 
@@ -361,6 +367,7 @@ t_batch_sync_query(Config) ->
     ProxyHost = ?config(proxy_host, Config),
     ProxyName = ?config(proxy_name, Config),
     ResourceId = resource_id(Config),
+    BridgeId = bridge_id(Config),
     ?check_trace(
         begin
             ?assertMatch({ok, _}, create_bridge_api(Config)),
@@ -380,12 +387,12 @@ t_batch_sync_query(Config) ->
             % Send 3 async messages while resource is down. When it comes back, these messages
             % will be delivered in sync way. If we try to send sync messages directly, it will
             % be sent async as callback_mode is set to async_if_possible.
-            Message = {send_message, Params},
             emqx_common_test_helpers:with_failure(down, ProxyName, ProxyHost, ProxyPort, fun() ->
                 ct:sleep(1000),
-                emqx_resource:query(ResourceId, Message),
-                emqx_resource:query(ResourceId, Message),
-                emqx_resource:query(ResourceId, Message)
+                emqx_bridge:send_message(BridgeId, Params),
+                emqx_bridge:send_message(BridgeId, Params),
+                emqx_bridge:send_message(BridgeId, Params),
+                ok
             end),
             ?retry(
                 _Sleep = 1_000,
diff --git a/apps/emqx_bridge_pulsar/test/emqx_bridge_pulsar_impl_producer_SUITE.erl b/apps/emqx_bridge_pulsar/test/emqx_bridge_pulsar_impl_producer_SUITE.erl
index a5c04160c..9dc2f05d6 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_bridge_pulsar/test/emqx_bridge_pulsar_impl_producer_SUITE.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_bridge_pulsar/test/emqx_bridge_pulsar_impl_producer_SUITE.erl
@@ -1064,9 +1064,17 @@ t_cluster(Config) ->
     ?check_trace(
         begin
             Nodes = [N1, N2 | _] = start_cluster(Cluster),
+            %% wait until bridge app supervisor is up; by that point,
+            %% `emqx_config_handler:add_handler' has been called and the node should be
+            %% ready to create bridges.
+            NumNodes = length(Nodes),
+            {ok, _} = snabbkaffe:block_until(
+                ?match_n_events(NumNodes, #{?snk_kind := emqx_bridge_app_started}),
+                15_000
+            ),
             {ok, SRef0} = snabbkaffe:subscribe(
                 ?match_event(#{?snk_kind := pulsar_producer_bridge_started}),
-                length(Nodes),
+                NumNodes,
                 15_000
             ),
             {ok, _} = erpc:call(N1, fun() -> create_bridge(Config) end),
diff --git a/lib-ee/emqx_ee_bridge/test/emqx_ee_bridge_mysql_SUITE.erl b/lib-ee/emqx_ee_bridge/test/emqx_ee_bridge_mysql_SUITE.erl
index e497e0a47..707aa47ea 100644
--- a/lib-ee/emqx_ee_bridge/test/emqx_ee_bridge_mysql_SUITE.erl
+++ b/lib-ee/emqx_ee_bridge/test/emqx_ee_bridge_mysql_SUITE.erl
@@ -102,7 +102,6 @@ end_per_group(_Group, _Config) ->
     ok.
 
 init_per_suite(Config) ->
-    emqx_common_test_helpers:clear_screen(),
     Config.
 
 end_per_suite(_Config) ->