diff --git a/apps/emqx_ft/etc/emqx_ft.conf b/apps/emqx_ft/etc/emqx_ft.conf
index 250dca6a9..8d921e79c 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_ft/etc/emqx_ft.conf
+++ b/apps/emqx_ft/etc/emqx_ft.conf
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 file_transfer {
     storage {
         type = local
+        exporter {
+            type = local
+        }
     }
 }
diff --git a/apps/emqx_ft/i18n/emqx_ft_schema_i18n.conf b/apps/emqx_ft/i18n/emqx_ft_schema_i18n.conf
index dd2d2a1dc..15c42dcfa 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_ft/i18n/emqx_ft_schema_i18n.conf
+++ b/apps/emqx_ft/i18n/emqx_ft_schema_i18n.conf
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ emqx_ft_schema {
 
     local_type {
         desc {
-            en: "Use local file system to store uploaded files and temporary data."
+            en: "Use local file system to store uploaded fragments and temporary data."
             zh: "使用本地文件系统来存储上传的文件和临时数据。"
         }
         label: {
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ emqx_ft_schema {
 
     local_storage_root {
         desc {
-            en: "File system path to keep uploaded files and temporary data."
+            en: "File system path to keep uploaded fragments and temporary data."
             zh: "保存上传文件和临时数据的文件系统路径。"
         }
         label: {
@@ -33,6 +33,40 @@ emqx_ft_schema {
         }
     }
 
+    local_storage_exporter {
+        desc {
+            en: "Exporter for the local file system storage backend.<br/>"
+                "Exporter defines where and how fully transferred and assembled files are stored."
+            zh: ""
+        }
+        label: {
+            en: "Local Storage Exporter"
+            zh: ""
+        }
+    }
+
+    local_storage_exporter_type {
+        desc {
+            en: "Type of the Exporter to use."
+            zh: ""
+        }
+        label: {
+            en: "Local Storage Exporter Type"
+            zh: ""
+        }
+    }
+
+    local_storage_exporter_root {
+        desc {
+            en: "File system path to keep uploaded files."
+            zh: ""
+        }
+        label: {
+            en: "Local Filesystem Exporter Root"
+            zh: ""
+        }
+    }
+
     local_storage_gc {
         desc {
             en: "Garbage collection settings for the intermediate and temporary files in the local file system."
diff --git a/apps/emqx_ft/src/emqx_ft.erl b/apps/emqx_ft/src/emqx_ft.erl
index 518807d9f..b7c8f0eac 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_ft/src/emqx_ft.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_ft/src/emqx_ft.erl
@@ -33,7 +33,8 @@
 ]).
 
 -export([
-    decode_filemeta/1
+    decode_filemeta/1,
+    encode_filemeta/1
 ]).
 
 -export([on_complete/4]).
@@ -114,6 +115,11 @@ decode_filemeta(Map) when is_map(Map) ->
             {error, {invalid_filemeta, Error}}
     end.
 
+encode_filemeta(Meta = #{}) ->
+    % TODO: Looks like this should be hocon's responsibility.
+    Schema = emqx_ft_schema:schema(filemeta),
+    hocon_tconf:make_serializable(Schema, emqx_map_lib:binary_key_map(Meta), #{}).
+
 %%--------------------------------------------------------------------
 %% Hooks
 %%--------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/apps/emqx_ft/src/emqx_ft_api.erl b/apps/emqx_ft/src/emqx_ft_api.erl
index ddc6e761a..143d629de 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_ft/src/emqx_ft_api.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_ft/src/emqx_ft_api.erl
@@ -40,6 +40,10 @@
     '/file_transfer/file'/2
 ]).
 
+-export([
+    mk_file_uri/3
+]).
+
 -import(hoconsc, [mk/2, ref/1, ref/2]).
 
 namespace() -> "file_transfer".
@@ -69,6 +73,11 @@ schema("/file_transfer/files") ->
         }
     };
 schema("/file_transfer/file") ->
+    % TODO
+    % This is conceptually another API, because this logic is inherent only to the
+    % local filesystem exporter. Ideally, we won't even publish it if `emqx_ft` is
+    % configured with another exporter. Accordingly, things that look too specific
+    % for this module (i.e. `parse_filepath/1`) should go away in another API module.
     #{
         'operationId' => '/file_transfer/file',
         get => #{
@@ -77,8 +86,7 @@ schema("/file_transfer/file") ->
             description => ?DESC("file_get"),
             parameters => [
                 ref(file_node),
-                ref(file_clientid),
-                ref(file_id)
+                ref(file_ref)
             ],
             responses => #{
                 200 => <<"Operation success">>,
@@ -91,32 +99,40 @@ schema("/file_transfer/file") ->
     }.
 
 '/file_transfer/files'(get, #{}) ->
-    case emqx_ft_storage:ready_transfers() of
+    case emqx_ft_storage:exports() of
         {ok, Transfers} ->
-            FormattedTransfers = lists:map(
-                fun({Id, Info}) ->
-                    #{id => Id, info => format_file_info(Info)}
-                end,
-                Transfers
-            ),
-            {200, #{<<"files">> => FormattedTransfers}};
+            {200, #{<<"files">> => lists:map(fun format_export_info/1, Transfers)}};
         {error, _} ->
             {503, error_msg('SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE', <<"Service unavailable">>)}
     end.
 
 '/file_transfer/file'(get, #{query_string := Query}) ->
-    case emqx_ft_storage:get_ready_transfer(Query) of
-        {ok, FileData} ->
-            {200,
-                #{
-                    <<"content-type">> => <<"application/data">>,
-                    <<"content-disposition">> => <<"attachment">>
-                },
-                FileData};
-        {error, enoent} ->
-            {404, error_msg('NOT_FOUND', <<"Not found">>)};
-        {error, Error} ->
-            ?SLOG(warning, #{msg => "get_ready_transfer_fail", error => Error}),
+    try
+        Node = parse_node(maps:get(<<"node">>, Query)),
+        Filepath = parse_filepath(maps:get(<<"fileref">>, Query)),
+        case emqx_ft_storage_fs_proto_v1:read_export_file(Node, Filepath, self()) of
+            {ok, ReaderPid} ->
+                FileData = emqx_ft_storage_fs_reader:table(ReaderPid),
+                {200,
+                    #{
+                        <<"content-type">> => <<"application/data">>,
+                        <<"content-disposition">> => <<"attachment">>
+                    },
+                    FileData};
+            {error, enoent} ->
+                {404, error_msg('NOT_FOUND', <<"Not found">>)};
+            {error, Error} ->
+                ?SLOG(warning, #{msg => "get_ready_transfer_fail", error => Error}),
+                {503, error_msg('SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE', <<"Service unavailable">>)}
+        end
+    catch
+        throw:{invalid, Param} ->
+            {404,
+                error_msg(
+                    'NOT_FOUND',
+                    iolist_to_binary(["Invalid query parameter: ", Param])
+                )};
+        error:{erpc, noconnection} ->
             {503, error_msg('SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE', <<"Service unavailable">>)}
     end.
 
@@ -124,46 +140,100 @@ error_msg(Code, Msg) ->
     #{code => Code, message => emqx_misc:readable_error_msg(Msg)}.
 
 -spec fields(hocon_schema:name()) -> hocon_schema:fields().
+fields(file_ref) ->
+    [
+        {fileref,
+            hoconsc:mk(binary(), #{
+                in => query,
+                desc => <<"File reference">>,
+                example => <<"file1">>,
+                required => true
+            })}
+    ];
 fields(file_node) ->
-    Desc = <<"File Node">>,
-    Meta = #{
-        in => query, desc => Desc, example => <<"emqx@127.0.0.1">>, required => false
-    },
-    [{node, hoconsc:mk(binary(), Meta)}];
-fields(file_clientid) ->
-    Desc = <<"File ClientId">>,
-    Meta = #{
-        in => query, desc => Desc, example => <<"client1">>, required => false
-    },
-    [{clientid, hoconsc:mk(binary(), Meta)}];
-fields(file_id) ->
-    Desc = <<"File">>,
-    Meta = #{
-        in => query, desc => Desc, example => <<"file1">>, required => false
-    },
-    [{fileid, hoconsc:mk(binary(), Meta)}].
+    [
+        {node,
+            hoconsc:mk(binary(), #{
+                in => query,
+                desc => <<"Node under which the file is located">>,
+                example => atom_to_list(node()),
+                required => true
+            })}
+    ].
 
 roots() ->
     [
         file_node,
-        file_clientid,
-        file_id
+        file_ref
+    ].
+
+mk_file_uri(_Options, Node, Filepath) ->
+    % TODO: qualify with `?BASE_PATH`
+    [
+        "/file_transfer/file?",
+        uri_string:compose_query([
+            {"node", atom_to_list(Node)},
+            {"fileref", Filepath}
+        ])
     ].
 
 %%--------------------------------------------------------------------
 %% Helpers
 %%--------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-format_file_info(#{path := Path, size := Size, timestamp := Timestamp}) ->
-    #{
-        path => Path,
+format_export_info(
+    Info = #{
+        name := Name,
+        size := Size,
+        uri := URI,
+        timestamp := Timestamp,
+        transfer := {ClientId, FileId}
+    }
+) ->
+    Res = #{
+        name => iolist_to_binary(Name),
         size => Size,
-        timestamp => format_datetime(Timestamp)
-    }.
+        timestamp => format_timestamp(Timestamp),
+        clientid => ClientId,
+        fileid => FileId,
+        uri => iolist_to_binary(URI)
+    },
+    case Info of
+        #{meta := Meta} ->
+            Res#{metadata => emqx_ft:encode_filemeta(Meta)};
+        #{} ->
+            Res
+    end.
 
-format_datetime({{Year, Month, Day}, {Hour, Minute, Second}}) ->
-    iolist_to_binary(
-        io_lib:format("~4..0w-~2..0w-~2..0wT~2..0w:~2..0w:~2..0w", [
-            Year, Month, Day, Hour, Minute, Second
-        ])
-    ).
+format_timestamp(Timestamp) ->
+    iolist_to_binary(calendar:system_time_to_rfc3339(Timestamp, [{unit, second}])).
+
+parse_node(NodeBin) ->
+    case emqx_misc:safe_to_existing_atom(NodeBin) of
+        {ok, Node} ->
+            Node;
+        {error, _} ->
+            throw({invalid, NodeBin})
+    end.
+
+parse_filepath(PathBin) ->
+    case filename:pathtype(PathBin) of
+        relative ->
+            ok;
+        absolute ->
+            throw({invalid, PathBin})
+    end,
+    PathComponents = filename:split(PathBin),
+    case lists:any(fun is_special_component/1, PathComponents) of
+        false ->
+            filename:join(PathComponents);
+        true ->
+            throw({invalid, PathBin})
+    end.
+
+is_special_component(<<".", _/binary>>) ->
+    true;
+is_special_component([$. | _]) ->
+    true;
+is_special_component(_) ->
+    false.
diff --git a/apps/emqx_ft/src/emqx_ft_assembler.erl b/apps/emqx_ft/src/emqx_ft_assembler.erl
index ff845fee9..5489a232a 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_ft/src/emqx_ft_assembler.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_ft/src/emqx_ft_assembler.erl
@@ -22,13 +22,13 @@
 -export([callback_mode/0]).
 -export([init/1]).
 -export([handle_event/4]).
+-export([terminate/3]).
 
 -record(st, {
     storage :: _Storage,
     transfer :: emqx_ft:transfer(),
     assembly :: emqx_ft_assembly:t(),
-    file :: {file:filename(), io:device(), term()} | undefined,
-    hash
+    export :: _Export | undefined
 }).
 
 -define(NAME(Transfer), {n, l, {?MODULE, Transfer}}).
@@ -47,11 +47,11 @@ callback_mode() ->
     handle_event_function.
 
 init({Storage, Transfer, Size}) ->
+    _ = erlang:process_flag(trap_exit, true),
     St = #st{
         storage = Storage,
         transfer = Transfer,
-        assembly = emqx_ft_assembly:new(Size),
-        hash = crypto:hash_init(sha256)
+        assembly = emqx_ft_assembly:new(Size)
     },
     {ok, idle, St}.
 
@@ -61,10 +61,10 @@ handle_event(info, kickoff, idle, St) ->
     % We could wait for this message and handle it at the end of the assembling rather than at
     % the beginning, however it would make error handling much more messier.
     {next_state, list_local_fragments, St, ?internal([])};
-handle_event(internal, _, list_local_fragments, St = #st{assembly = Asm}) ->
+handle_event(internal, _, list_local_fragments, St = #st{}) ->
     % TODO: what we do with non-transients errors here (e.g. `eacces`)?
     {ok, Fragments} = emqx_ft_storage_fs:list(St#st.storage, St#st.transfer, fragment),
-    NAsm = emqx_ft_assembly:update(emqx_ft_assembly:append(Asm, node(), Fragments)),
+    NAsm = emqx_ft_assembly:update(emqx_ft_assembly:append(St#st.assembly, node(), Fragments)),
     NSt = St#st{assembly = NAsm},
     case emqx_ft_assembly:status(NAsm) of
         complete ->
@@ -110,8 +110,8 @@ handle_event(internal, _, start_assembling, St = #st{assembly = Asm}) ->
     Filemeta = emqx_ft_assembly:filemeta(Asm),
     Coverage = emqx_ft_assembly:coverage(Asm),
     % TODO: better error handling
-    {ok, Handle} = emqx_ft_storage_fs:open_file(St#st.storage, St#st.transfer, Filemeta),
-    {next_state, {assemble, Coverage}, St#st{file = Handle}, ?internal([])};
+    {ok, Export} = export_start(Filemeta, St),
+    {next_state, {assemble, Coverage}, St#st{export = Export}, ?internal([])};
 handle_event(internal, _, {assemble, [{Node, Segment} | Rest]}, St = #st{}) ->
     % TODO
     % Currently, race is possible between getting segment info from the remote node and
@@ -119,15 +119,17 @@ handle_event(internal, _, {assemble, [{Node, Segment} | Rest]}, St = #st{}) ->
     % TODO: pipelining
     % TODO: better error handling
     {ok, Content} = pread(Node, Segment, St),
-    {ok, NHandle} = emqx_ft_storage_fs:write(St#st.file, Content),
-    {next_state, {assemble, Rest}, St#st{file = NHandle}, ?internal([])};
+    {ok, NExport} = export_write(St#st.export, Content),
+    {next_state, {assemble, Rest}, St#st{export = NExport}, ?internal([])};
 handle_event(internal, _, {assemble, []}, St = #st{}) ->
     {next_state, complete, St, ?internal([])};
-handle_event(internal, _, complete, St = #st{assembly = Asm, file = Handle}) ->
-    Filemeta = emqx_ft_assembly:filemeta(Asm),
-    Result = emqx_ft_storage_fs:complete(St#st.storage, St#st.transfer, Filemeta, Handle),
+handle_event(internal, _, complete, St = #st{}) ->
+    Result = export_complete(St#st.export),
     ok = maybe_garbage_collect(Result, St),
-    {stop, {shutdown, Result}}.
+    {stop, {shutdown, Result}, St#st{export = undefined}}.
+
+terminate(_Reason, _StateName, #st{export = Export}) ->
+    Export /= undefined andalso export_discard(Export).
 
 pread(Node, Segment, St) when Node =:= node() ->
     emqx_ft_storage_fs:pread(St#st.storage, St#st.transfer, Segment, 0, segsize(Segment));
@@ -136,8 +138,33 @@ pread(Node, Segment, St) ->
 
 %%
 
-maybe_garbage_collect(ok, St = #st{storage = Storage, transfer = Transfer}) ->
-    Nodes = emqx_ft_assembly:nodes(St#st.assembly),
+export_start(Filemeta, #st{storage = Storage, transfer = Transfer}) ->
+    {ExporterMod, Exporter} = emqx_ft_storage_fs:exporter(Storage),
+    case ExporterMod:start_export(Exporter, Transfer, Filemeta) of
+        {ok, Export} ->
+            {ok, {ExporterMod, Export}};
+        {error, _} = Error ->
+            Error
+    end.
+
+export_write({ExporterMod, Export}, Content) ->
+    case ExporterMod:write(Export, Content) of
+        {ok, ExportNext} ->
+            {ok, {ExporterMod, ExportNext}};
+        {error, _} = Error ->
+            Error
+    end.
+
+export_complete({ExporterMod, Export}) ->
+    ExporterMod:complete(Export).
+
+export_discard({ExporterMod, Export}) ->
+    ExporterMod:discard(Export).
+
+%%
+
+maybe_garbage_collect(ok, #st{storage = Storage, transfer = Transfer, assembly = Asm}) ->
+    Nodes = emqx_ft_assembly:nodes(Asm),
     emqx_ft_storage_fs_gc:collect(Storage, Transfer, Nodes);
 maybe_garbage_collect({error, _}, _St) ->
     ok.
diff --git a/apps/emqx_ft/src/emqx_ft_fs_util.erl b/apps/emqx_ft/src/emqx_ft_fs_util.erl
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..198f4ccc5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/emqx_ft/src/emqx_ft_fs_util.erl
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+%%--------------------------------------------------------------------
+%% Copyright (c) 2020-2023 EMQ Technologies Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
+%%
+%% Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+%% you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+%% You may obtain a copy of the License at
+%%
+%%     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+%%
+%% Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+%% distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+%% WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+%% See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+%% limitations under the License.
+%%--------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+-module(emqx_ft_fs_util).
+
+-include_lib("snabbkaffe/include/trace.hrl").
+
+-export([read_decode_file/2]).
+
+-export([fold/4]).
+
+-type glob() :: ['*' | globfun()].
+-type globfun() ::
+    fun((_Filename :: file:name()) -> boolean()).
+-type foldfun(Acc) ::
+    fun(
+        (
+            _Filepath :: file:name(),
+            _Info :: file:file_info() | {error, _IoError},
+            _Stack :: [file:name()],
+            Acc
+        ) -> Acc
+    ).
+
+%%
+
+-spec read_decode_file(file:name(), fun((binary()) -> Value)) ->
+    {ok, Value} | {error, _IoError}.
+read_decode_file(Filepath, DecodeFun) ->
+    case file:read_file(Filepath) of
+        {ok, Content} ->
+            safe_decode(Content, DecodeFun);
+        {error, _} = Error ->
+            Error
+    end.
+
+safe_decode(Content, DecodeFun) ->
+    try
+        {ok, DecodeFun(Content)}
+    catch
+        C:E:Stacktrace ->
+            ?tp(warning, "safe_decode_failed", #{
+                class => C,
+                exception => E,
+                stacktrace => Stacktrace
+            }),
+            {error, corrupted}
+    end.
+
+-spec fold(foldfun(Acc), Acc, _Root :: file:name(), glob()) ->
+    Acc.
+fold(Fun, Acc, Root, Glob) ->
+    fold(Fun, Acc, [], Root, Glob, []).
+
+fold(Fun, AccIn, Path, Root, [Glob | Rest], Stack) when Glob == '*' orelse is_function(Glob) ->
+    case file:list_dir(filename:join(Root, Path)) of
+        {ok, Filenames} ->
+            lists:foldl(
+                fun(FN, Acc) ->
+                    case matches_glob(Glob, FN) of
+                        true when Path == [] ->
+                            fold(Fun, Acc, FN, Root, Rest, [FN | Stack]);
+                        true ->
+                            fold(Fun, Acc, filename:join(Path, FN), Root, Rest, [FN | Stack]);
+                        false ->
+                            Acc
+                    end
+                end,
+                AccIn,
+                Filenames
+            );
+        {error, enotdir} ->
+            AccIn;
+        {error, Reason} ->
+            Fun(Path, {error, Reason}, Stack, AccIn)
+    end;
+fold(Fun, AccIn, Filepath, Root, [], Stack) ->
+    case file:read_link_info(filename:join(Root, Filepath), [{time, posix}, raw]) of
+        {ok, Info} ->
+            Fun(Filepath, Info, Stack, AccIn);
+        {error, Reason} ->
+            Fun(Filepath, {error, Reason}, Stack, AccIn)
+    end.
+
+matches_glob('*', _) ->
+    true;
+matches_glob(FilterFun, Filename) when is_function(FilterFun) ->
+    FilterFun(Filename).
diff --git a/apps/emqx_ft/src/emqx_ft_schema.erl b/apps/emqx_ft/src/emqx_ft_schema.erl
index d2b2b9299..37e2adafc 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_ft/src/emqx_ft_schema.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_ft/src/emqx_ft_schema.erl
@@ -66,12 +66,33 @@ fields(local_storage) ->
             desc => ?DESC("local_storage_root"),
             required => false
         }},
+        {exporter, #{
+            type => hoconsc:union([
+                ?REF(local_storage_exporter)
+            ]),
+            desc => ?DESC("local_storage_exporter"),
+            required => true
+        }},
         {gc, #{
-            type => hoconsc:ref(?MODULE, local_storage_gc),
+            type => ?REF(local_storage_gc),
             desc => ?DESC("local_storage_gc"),
             required => false
         }}
     ];
+fields(local_storage_exporter) ->
+    [
+        {type, #{
+            type => local,
+            default => local,
+            required => false,
+            desc => ?DESC("local_storage_exporter_type")
+        }},
+        {root, #{
+            type => binary(),
+            desc => ?DESC("local_storage_exporter_root"),
+            required => false
+        }}
+    ];
 fields(local_storage_gc) ->
     [
         {interval, #{
@@ -101,12 +122,15 @@ desc(file_transfer) ->
     "File transfer settings";
 desc(local_storage) ->
     "File transfer local storage settings";
+desc(local_storage_exporter) ->
+    "Exporter settings for the File transfer local storage backend";
 desc(local_storage_gc) ->
     "Garbage collection settings for the File transfer local storage backend".
 
 schema(filemeta) ->
     #{
         roots => [
+            % TODO nonempty
             {name, hoconsc:mk(string(), #{required => true})},
             {size, hoconsc:mk(non_neg_integer())},
             {expire_at, hoconsc:mk(non_neg_integer())},
diff --git a/apps/emqx_ft/src/emqx_ft_storage.erl b/apps/emqx_ft/src/emqx_ft_storage.erl
index 0b8c38736..1d1c08ce9 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_ft/src/emqx_ft_storage.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_ft/src/emqx_ft_storage.erl
@@ -24,8 +24,7 @@
         store_segment/2,
         assemble/2,
 
-        ready_transfers/0,
-        get_ready_transfer/1,
+        exports/0,
 
         with_storage_type/3
     ]
@@ -34,12 +33,19 @@
 -type storage() :: emqx_config:config().
 
 -export_type([assemble_callback/0]).
+-export_type([export_data/0]).
 
 -type assemble_callback() :: fun((ok | {error, term()}) -> any()).
 
--type ready_transfer_id() :: term().
--type ready_transfer_info() :: map().
--type ready_transfer_data() :: binary() | qlc:query_handle().
+-type export_info() :: #{
+    transfer := emqx_ft:transfer(),
+    name := file:name(),
+    size := _Bytes :: non_neg_integer(),
+    uri => uri_string:uri_string(),
+    meta => emqx_ft:filemeta()
+}.
+
+-type export_data() :: binary() | qlc:query_handle().
 
 %%--------------------------------------------------------------------
 %% Behaviour
@@ -57,10 +63,9 @@
     ok | {async, pid()} | {error, term()}.
 -callback assemble(storage(), emqx_ft:transfer(), _Size :: emqx_ft:bytes()) ->
     ok | {async, pid()} | {error, term()}.
--callback ready_transfers(storage()) ->
-    {ok, [{ready_transfer_id(), ready_transfer_info()}]} | {error, term()}.
--callback get_ready_transfer(storage(), ready_transfer_id()) ->
-    {ok, ready_transfer_data()} | {error, term()}.
+
+-callback exports(storage()) ->
+    {ok, [export_info()]} | {error, term()}.
 
 %%--------------------------------------------------------------------
 %% API
@@ -95,15 +100,11 @@ assemble(Transfer, Size) ->
     Mod = mod(),
     Mod:assemble(storage(), Transfer, Size).
 
--spec ready_transfers() -> {ok, [{ready_transfer_id(), ready_transfer_info()}]} | {error, term()}.
-ready_transfers() ->
+-spec exports() ->
+    {ok, [export_info()]} | {error, term()}.
+exports() ->
     Mod = mod(),
-    Mod:ready_transfers(storage()).
-
--spec get_ready_transfer(ready_transfer_id()) -> {ok, ready_transfer_data()} | {error, term()}.
-get_ready_transfer(ReadyTransferId) ->
-    Mod = mod(),
-    Mod:get_ready_transfer(storage(), ReadyTransferId).
+    Mod:exports(storage()).
 
 -spec with_storage_type(atom(), atom(), list(term())) -> any().
 with_storage_type(Type, Fun, Args) ->
diff --git a/apps/emqx_ft/src/emqx_ft_storage_exporter_fs.erl b/apps/emqx_ft/src/emqx_ft_storage_exporter_fs.erl
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e0bffd444
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/emqx_ft/src/emqx_ft_storage_exporter_fs.erl
@@ -0,0 +1,352 @@
+%%--------------------------------------------------------------------
+%% Copyright (c) 2020-2023 EMQ Technologies Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
+%%
+%% Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+%% you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+%% You may obtain a copy of the License at
+%%
+%%     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+%%
+%% Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+%% distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+%% WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+%% See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+%% limitations under the License.
+%%--------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+-module(emqx_ft_storage_exporter_fs).
+
+-include_lib("kernel/include/file.hrl").
+-include_lib("emqx/include/logger.hrl").
+
+%% Exporter API
+-export([start_export/3]).
+-export([write/2]).
+-export([complete/1]).
+-export([discard/1]).
+
+-export([list_local/1]).
+-export([list_local/2]).
+-export([start_reader/3]).
+
+-export([list/1]).
+% -export([list/2]).
+
+-export_type([export/0]).
+
+-type options() :: _TODO.
+-type transfer() :: emqx_ft:transfer().
+-type filemeta() :: emqx_ft:filemeta().
+-type exportinfo() :: #{
+    transfer := transfer(),
+    name := file:name(),
+    uri := uri_string:uri_string(),
+    timestamp := emqx_datetime:epoch_second(),
+    size := _Bytes :: non_neg_integer(),
+    meta => filemeta()
+}.
+
+-type file_error() :: emqx_ft_storage_fs:file_error().
+
+-opaque export() :: #{
+    path := file:name(),
+    handle := io:device(),
+    result := file:name(),
+    meta := filemeta(),
+    hash := crypto:hash_state()
+}.
+
+-type reader() :: pid().
+
+-define(TEMPDIR, "tmp").
+-define(MANIFEST, ".MANIFEST.json").
+
+%% NOTE
+%% Bucketing of resulting files to accomodate the storage backend for considerably
+%% large (e.g. > 10s of millions) amount of files.
+-define(BUCKET_HASH, sha).
+
+%% 2 symbols = at most 256 directories on the upper level
+-define(BUCKET1_LEN, 2).
+%% 2 symbols = at most 256 directories on the second level
+-define(BUCKET2_LEN, 2).
+
+-define(SLOG_UNEXPECTED(RelFilepath, Fileinfo, Options),
+    ?SLOG(notice, "filesystem_object_unexpected", #{
+        relpath => RelFilepath,
+        fileinfo => Fileinfo,
+        options => Options
+    })
+).
+
+-define(SLOG_INACCESSIBLE(RelFilepath, Reason, Options),
+    ?SLOG(warning, "filesystem_object_inaccessible", #{
+        relpath => RelFilepath,
+        reason => Reason,
+        options => Options
+    })
+).
+
+%%
+
+-spec start_export(options(), transfer(), filemeta()) ->
+    {ok, export()} | {error, file_error()}.
+start_export(Options, Transfer, Filemeta = #{name := Filename}) ->
+    TempFilepath = mk_temp_absfilepath(Options, Transfer, Filename),
+    ResultFilepath = mk_absfilepath(Options, Transfer, result, Filename),
+    _ = filelib:ensure_dir(TempFilepath),
+    case file:open(TempFilepath, [write, raw, binary]) of
+        {ok, Handle} ->
+            {ok, #{
+                path => TempFilepath,
+                handle => Handle,
+                result => ResultFilepath,
+                meta => Filemeta,
+                hash => init_checksum(Filemeta)
+            }};
+        {error, _} = Error ->
+            Error
+    end.
+
+-spec write(export(), iodata()) ->
+    {ok, export()} | {error, file_error()}.
+write(Export = #{handle := Handle, hash := Ctx}, IoData) ->
+    case file:write(Handle, IoData) of
+        ok ->
+            {ok, Export#{hash := update_checksum(Ctx, IoData)}};
+        {error, _} = Error ->
+            Error
+    end.
+
+-spec complete(export()) ->
+    ok | {error, {checksum, _Algo, _Computed}} | {error, file_error()}.
+complete(
+    Export = #{
+        path := Filepath,
+        handle := Handle,
+        result := ResultFilepath,
+        meta := FilemetaIn,
+        hash := Ctx
+    }
+) ->
+    case verify_checksum(Ctx, FilemetaIn) of
+        {ok, Filemeta} ->
+            ok = file:close(Handle),
+            _ = filelib:ensure_dir(ResultFilepath),
+            _ = file:write_file(mk_manifest_filename(ResultFilepath), encode_filemeta(Filemeta)),
+            file:rename(Filepath, ResultFilepath);
+        {error, _} = Error ->
+            _ = discard(Export),
+            Error
+    end.
+
+-spec discard(export()) ->
+    ok.
+discard(#{path := Filepath, handle := Handle}) ->
+    ok = file:close(Handle),
+    file:delete(Filepath).
+
+%%
+
+-spec list_local(options(), transfer()) ->
+    {ok, [exportinfo(), ...]} | {error, file_error()}.
+list_local(Options, Transfer) ->
+    TransferRoot = mk_absdir(Options, Transfer, result),
+    case
+        emqx_ft_fs_util:fold(
+            fun
+                (_Path, {error, Reason}, [], []) ->
+                    {error, Reason};
+                (_Path, Fileinfo = #file_info{type = regular}, [Filename | _], Acc) ->
+                    RelFilepath = filename:join(mk_result_reldir(Transfer) ++ [Filename]),
+                    Info = mk_exportinfo(Options, Filename, RelFilepath, Transfer, Fileinfo),
+                    [Info | Acc];
+                (RelFilepath, Fileinfo = #file_info{}, _, Acc) ->
+                    ?SLOG_UNEXPECTED(RelFilepath, Fileinfo, Options),
+                    Acc;
+                (RelFilepath, {error, Reason}, _, Acc) ->
+                    ?SLOG_INACCESSIBLE(RelFilepath, Reason, Options),
+                    Acc
+            end,
+            [],
+            TransferRoot,
+            [fun filter_manifest/1]
+        )
+    of
+        Infos = [_ | _] ->
+            {ok, Infos};
+        [] ->
+            {error, enoent};
+        {error, Reason} ->
+            {error, Reason}
+    end.
+
+-spec list_local(options()) ->
+    {ok, #{transfer() => [exportinfo(), ...]}}.
+list_local(Options) ->
+    Pattern = [
+        _Bucket1 = '*',
+        _Bucket2 = '*',
+        _Rest = '*',
+        _ClientId = '*',
+        _FileId = '*',
+        fun filter_manifest/1
+    ],
+    Root = get_storage_root(Options),
+    {ok,
+        emqx_ft_fs_util:fold(
+            fun(RelFilepath, Info, Stack, Acc) ->
+                read_exportinfo(Options, RelFilepath, Info, Stack, Acc)
+            end,
+            [],
+            Root,
+            Pattern
+        )}.
+
+filter_manifest(?MANIFEST) ->
+    % Filename equals `?MANIFEST`, there should also be a manifest for it.
+    false;
+filter_manifest(Filename) ->
+    ?MANIFEST =/= string:find(Filename, ?MANIFEST, trailing).
+
+read_exportinfo(Options, RelFilepath, Fileinfo = #file_info{type = regular}, Stack, Acc) ->
+    [Filename, FileId, ClientId | _] = Stack,
+    Transfer = dirnames_to_transfer(ClientId, FileId),
+    Info = mk_exportinfo(Options, Filename, RelFilepath, Transfer, Fileinfo),
+    [Info | Acc];
+read_exportinfo(Options, RelFilepath, Fileinfo = #file_info{}, _Stack, Acc) ->
+    ?SLOG_UNEXPECTED(RelFilepath, Fileinfo, Options),
+    Acc;
+read_exportinfo(Options, RelFilepath, {error, Reason}, _Stack, Acc) ->
+    ?SLOG_INACCESSIBLE(RelFilepath, Reason, Options),
+    Acc.
+
+mk_exportinfo(Options, Filename, RelFilepath, Transfer, Fileinfo) ->
+    Root = get_storage_root(Options),
+    try_read_filemeta(
+        filename:join(Root, mk_manifest_filename(RelFilepath)),
+        #{
+            transfer => Transfer,
+            name => Filename,
+            uri => mk_export_uri(Options, RelFilepath),
+            timestamp => Fileinfo#file_info.mtime,
+            size => Fileinfo#file_info.size,
+            path => filename:join(Root, RelFilepath)
+        }
+    ).
+
+try_read_filemeta(Filepath, Info) ->
+    case emqx_ft_fs_util:read_decode_file(Filepath, fun decode_filemeta/1) of
+        {ok, Filemeta} ->
+            Info#{meta => Filemeta};
+        {error, Reason} ->
+            ?SLOG(warning, "filemeta_inaccessible", #{
+                path => Filepath,
+                reason => Reason
+            }),
+            Info
+    end.
+
+mk_export_uri(Options, RelFilepath) ->
+    % emqx_ft_storage_exporter_fs_api:mk_export_uri(Options, RelFilepath).
+    emqx_ft_api:mk_file_uri(Options, node(), RelFilepath).
+
+-spec start_reader(options(), file:name(), _Caller :: pid()) ->
+    {ok, reader()} | {error, enoent}.
+start_reader(Options, Filepath, CallerPid) ->
+    Root = get_storage_root(Options),
+    case filelib:safe_relative_path(Filepath, Root) of
+        SafeFilepath when SafeFilepath /= unsafe ->
+            AbsFilepath = filename:join(Root, SafeFilepath),
+            emqx_ft_storage_fs_reader:start_supervised(CallerPid, AbsFilepath);
+        unsafe ->
+            {error, enoent}
+    end.
+
+%%
+
+-spec list(options()) ->
+    {ok, [exportinfo(), ...]} | {error, file_error()}.
+list(_Options) ->
+    Nodes = mria_mnesia:running_nodes(),
+    Results = emqx_ft_storage_fs_proto_v1:list_exports(Nodes),
+    {GoodResults, BadResults} = lists:partition(
+        fun
+            ({_Node, {ok, {ok, _}}}) -> true;
+            (_) -> false
+        end,
+        lists:zip(Nodes, Results)
+    ),
+    length(BadResults) > 0 andalso
+        ?SLOG(warning, #{msg => "list_remote_exports_failed", failures => BadResults}),
+    {ok, [File || {_Node, {ok, {ok, Files}}} <- GoodResults, File <- Files]}.
+
+%%
+
+init_checksum(#{checksum := {Algo, _}}) ->
+    crypto:hash_init(Algo);
+init_checksum(#{}) ->
+    crypto:hash_init(sha256).
+
+update_checksum(Ctx, IoData) ->
+    crypto:hash_update(Ctx, IoData).
+
+verify_checksum(Ctx, Filemeta = #{checksum := {Algo, Digest}}) ->
+    case crypto:hash_final(Ctx) of
+        Digest ->
+            {ok, Filemeta};
+        Mismatch ->
+            {error, {checksum, Algo, binary:encode_hex(Mismatch)}}
+    end;
+verify_checksum(Ctx, Filemeta = #{}) ->
+    Digest = crypto:hash_final(Ctx),
+    {ok, Filemeta#{checksum => {sha256, Digest}}}.
+
+%%
+
+-define(PRELUDE(Vsn, Meta), [<<"filemeta">>, Vsn, Meta]).
+
+encode_filemeta(Meta) ->
+    emqx_json:encode(?PRELUDE(_Vsn = 1, emqx_ft:encode_filemeta(Meta))).
+
+decode_filemeta(Binary) when is_binary(Binary) ->
+    ?PRELUDE(_Vsn = 1, Map) = emqx_json:decode(Binary, [return_maps]),
+    case emqx_ft:decode_filemeta(Map) of
+        {ok, Meta} ->
+            Meta;
+        {error, Reason} ->
+            error(Reason)
+    end.
+
+mk_manifest_filename(Filename) when is_list(Filename) ->
+    Filename ++ ?MANIFEST;
+mk_manifest_filename(Filename) when is_binary(Filename) ->
+    <<Filename/binary, ?MANIFEST>>.
+
+mk_temp_absfilepath(Options, Transfer, Filename) ->
+    Unique = erlang:unique_integer([positive]),
+    TempFilename = integer_to_list(Unique) ++ "." ++ Filename,
+    filename:join(mk_absdir(Options, Transfer, temporary), TempFilename).
+
+mk_absdir(Options, _Transfer, temporary) ->
+    filename:join([get_storage_root(Options), ?TEMPDIR]);
+mk_absdir(Options, Transfer, result) ->
+    filename:join([get_storage_root(Options) | mk_result_reldir(Transfer)]).
+
+mk_absfilepath(Options, Transfer, What, Filename) ->
+    filename:join(mk_absdir(Options, Transfer, What), Filename).
+
+mk_result_reldir(Transfer = {ClientId, FileId}) ->
+    Hash = mk_transfer_hash(Transfer),
+    <<
+        Bucket1:?BUCKET1_LEN/binary,
+        Bucket2:?BUCKET2_LEN/binary,
+        BucketRest/binary
+    >> = binary:encode_hex(Hash),
+    [Bucket1, Bucket2, BucketRest, ClientId, FileId].
+
+mk_transfer_hash(Transfer) ->
+    crypto:hash(?BUCKET_HASH, term_to_binary(Transfer)).
+
+get_storage_root(Options) ->
+    maps:get(root, Options, filename:join([emqx:data_dir(), "ft", "exports"])).
diff --git a/apps/emqx_ft/src/emqx_ft_storage_fs.erl b/apps/emqx_ft/src/emqx_ft_storage_fs.erl
index b8aef5276..4a613dbcf 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_ft/src/emqx_ft_storage_fs.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_ft/src/emqx_ft_storage_fs.erl
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
 
 -export([child_spec/1]).
 
+% Segments-related API
 -export([store_filemeta/3]).
 -export([store_segment/3]).
 -export([read_filemeta/2]).
@@ -43,22 +44,20 @@
 -export([get_subdir/2]).
 -export([get_subdir/3]).
 
--export([ready_transfers_local/1]).
--export([get_ready_transfer_local/3]).
+-export([exporter/1]).
 
--export([ready_transfers/1]).
--export([get_ready_transfer/2]).
-
--export([open_file/3]).
--export([complete/4]).
--export([write/2]).
--export([discard/1]).
+% Exporter-specific API
+-export([exports/1]).
+-export([exports_local/1]).
+-export([exports_local/2]).
 
 -export_type([storage/0]).
 -export_type([filefrag/1]).
 -export_type([filefrag/0]).
 -export_type([transferinfo/0]).
 
+-export_type([file_error/0]).
+
 -type transfer() :: emqx_ft:transfer().
 -type offset() :: emqx_ft:offset().
 -type filemeta() :: emqx_ft:filemeta().
@@ -70,8 +69,7 @@
 }.
 
 -type transferinfo() :: #{
-    status := complete | incomplete,
-    result => [filefrag({result, #{}})]
+    filemeta => filemeta()
 }.
 
 % TODO naming
@@ -85,16 +83,20 @@
 -type filefrag() :: filefrag(
     {filemeta, filemeta()}
     | {segment, segmentinfo()}
-    | {result, #{}}
 ).
 
 -define(FRAGDIR, frags).
 -define(TEMPDIR, tmp).
--define(RESULTDIR, result).
 -define(MANIFEST, "MANIFEST.json").
 -define(SEGMENT, "SEG").
 
 -type storage() :: #{
+    root => file:name(),
+    exporter => exporter()
+}.
+
+-type exporter() :: #{
+    type := local,
     root => file:name()
 }.
 
@@ -138,7 +140,9 @@ store_filemeta(Storage, Transfer, Meta) ->
             % about it too much now.
             {error, conflict};
         {error, Reason} when Reason =:= notfound; Reason =:= corrupted; Reason =:= enoent ->
-            write_file_atomic(Storage, Transfer, Filepath, encode_filemeta(Meta))
+            write_file_atomic(Storage, Transfer, Filepath, encode_filemeta(Meta));
+        {error, _} = Error ->
+            Error
     end.
 
 %% Store a segment in the backing filesystem.
@@ -153,17 +157,17 @@ store_segment(Storage, Transfer, Segment = {_Offset, Content}) ->
     write_file_atomic(Storage, Transfer, Filepath, Content).
 
 -spec read_filemeta(storage(), transfer()) ->
-    {ok, filefrag({filemeta, filemeta()})} | {error, corrupted} | {error, file_error()}.
+    {ok, filemeta()} | {error, corrupted} | {error, file_error()}.
 read_filemeta(Storage, Transfer) ->
     Filepath = mk_filepath(Storage, Transfer, get_subdirs_for(fragment), ?MANIFEST),
     read_file(Filepath, fun decode_filemeta/1).
 
--spec list(storage(), transfer(), _What :: fragment | result) ->
+-spec list(storage(), transfer(), _What :: fragment) ->
     % Some lower level errors? {error, notfound}?
     % Result will contain zero or only one filemeta.
     {ok, [filefrag({filemeta, filemeta()} | {segment, segmentinfo()})]}
     | {error, file_error()}.
-list(Storage, Transfer, What) ->
+list(Storage, Transfer, What = fragment) ->
     Dirname = mk_filedir(Storage, Transfer, get_subdirs_for(What)),
     case file:list_dir(Dirname) of
         {ok, Filenames} ->
@@ -172,18 +176,13 @@ list(Storage, Transfer, What) ->
             % extremely bad luck is needed for that, e.g. concurrent assemblers with
             % different filemetas from different nodes). This might be unexpected for a
             % client given the current protocol, yet might be helpful in the future.
-            {ok, filtermap_files(get_filefrag_fun_for(What), Dirname, Filenames)};
+            {ok, filtermap_files(fun mk_filefrag/2, Dirname, Filenames)};
         {error, enoent} ->
             {ok, []};
         {error, _} = Error ->
             Error
     end.
 
-get_filefrag_fun_for(fragment) ->
-    fun mk_filefrag/2;
-get_filefrag_fun_for(result) ->
-    fun mk_result_filefrag/2.
-
 -spec pread(storage(), transfer(), filefrag(), offset(), _Size :: non_neg_integer()) ->
     {ok, _Content :: iodata()} | {error, eof} | {error, file_error()}.
 pread(_Storage, _Transfer, Frag, Offset, Size) ->
@@ -213,102 +212,28 @@ assemble(Storage, Transfer, Size) ->
     {ok, Pid} = emqx_ft_assembler_sup:ensure_child(Storage, Transfer, Size),
     {async, Pid}.
 
-get_ready_transfer(_Storage, ReadyTransferId) ->
-    case parse_ready_transfer_id(ReadyTransferId) of
-        {ok, {Node, Transfer}} ->
-            try
-                case emqx_ft_storage_fs_proto_v1:get_ready_transfer(Node, self(), Transfer) of
-                    {ok, ReaderPid} ->
-                        {ok, emqx_ft_storage_fs_reader:table(ReaderPid)};
-                    {error, _} = Error ->
-                        Error
-                end
-            catch
-                error:Exc:Stacktrace ->
-                    ?SLOG(warning, #{
-                        msg => "get_ready_transfer_error",
-                        node => Node,
-                        transfer => Transfer,
-                        exception => Exc,
-                        stacktrace => Stacktrace
-                    }),
-                    {error, Exc};
-                C:Exc:Stacktrace ->
-                    ?SLOG(warning, #{
-                        msg => "get_ready_transfer_fail",
-                        class => C,
-                        node => Node,
-                        transfer => Transfer,
-                        exception => Exc,
-                        stacktrace => Stacktrace
-                    }),
-                    {error, {C, Exc}}
-            end;
-        {error, _} = Error ->
-            Error
+%%
+
+-spec exporter(storage()) -> {module(), _ExporterOptions}.
+exporter(Storage) ->
+    case maps:get(exporter, Storage) of
+        #{type := local} = Options ->
+            {emqx_ft_storage_exporter_fs, Options}
     end.
 
-get_ready_transfer_local(Storage, CallerPid, Transfer) ->
-    Dirname = mk_filedir(Storage, Transfer, get_subdirs_for(result)),
-    case file:list_dir(Dirname) of
-        {ok, [Filename | _]} ->
-            FullFilename = filename:join([Dirname, Filename]),
-            emqx_ft_storage_fs_reader:start_supervised(CallerPid, FullFilename);
-        {error, _} = Error ->
-            Error
-    end.
+exports(Storage) ->
+    {ExporterMod, ExporterOpts} = exporter(Storage),
+    ExporterMod:list(ExporterOpts).
 
-ready_transfers(_Storage) ->
-    Nodes = mria_mnesia:running_nodes(),
-    Results = emqx_ft_storage_fs_proto_v1:ready_transfers(Nodes),
-    {GoodResults, BadResults} = lists:partition(
-        fun
-            ({ok, _}) -> true;
-            (_) -> false
-        end,
-        Results
-    ),
-    case {GoodResults, BadResults} of
-        {[], _} ->
-            ?SLOG(warning, #{msg => "ready_transfers", failures => BadResults}),
-            {error, no_nodes};
-        {_, []} ->
-            {ok, [File || {ok, Files} <- GoodResults, File <- Files]};
-        {_, _} ->
-            ?SLOG(warning, #{msg => "ready_transfers", failures => BadResults}),
-            {ok, [File || {ok, Files} <- GoodResults, File <- Files]}
-    end.
+exports_local(Storage) ->
+    {ExporterMod, ExporterOpts} = exporter(Storage),
+    ExporterMod:list_local(ExporterOpts).
 
-ready_transfers_local(Storage) ->
-    {ok, Transfers} = transfers(Storage),
-    lists:filtermap(
-        fun
-            ({Transfer, #{status := complete, result := [Result | _]}}) ->
-                {true, {ready_transfer_id(Transfer), maps:without([fragment], Result)}};
-            (_) ->
-                false
-        end,
-        maps:to_list(Transfers)
-    ).
+exports_local(Storage, Transfer) ->
+    {ExporterMod, ExporterOpts} = exporter(Storage),
+    ExporterMod:list_local(ExporterOpts, Transfer).
 
-ready_transfer_id({ClientId, FileId}) ->
-    #{
-        <<"node">> => atom_to_binary(node()),
-        <<"clientid">> => ClientId,
-        <<"fileid">> => FileId
-    }.
-
-parse_ready_transfer_id(#{
-    <<"node">> := NodeBin, <<"clientid">> := ClientId, <<"fileid">> := FileId
-}) ->
-    case emqx_misc:safe_to_existing_atom(NodeBin) of
-        {ok, Node} ->
-            {ok, {Node, {ClientId, FileId}}};
-        {error, _} ->
-            {error, {invalid_node, NodeBin}}
-    end;
-parse_ready_transfer_id(#{}) ->
-    {error, invalid_file_id}.
+%%
 
 -spec transfers(storage()) ->
     {ok, #{transfer() => transferinfo()}}.
@@ -345,17 +270,16 @@ transfers(Storage, ClientId, AccIn) ->
     end.
 
 read_transferinfo(Storage, Transfer, Acc) ->
-    case list(Storage, Transfer, result) of
-        {ok, Result = [_ | _]} ->
-            Info = #{status => complete, result => Result},
-            Acc#{Transfer => Info};
-        {ok, []} ->
-            Info = #{status => incomplete},
-            Acc#{Transfer => Info};
-        {error, _Reason} ->
-            ?tp(warning, "list_result_failed", #{
+    case read_filemeta(Storage, Transfer) of
+        {ok, Filemeta} ->
+            Acc#{Transfer => #{filemeta => Filemeta}};
+        {error, enoent} ->
+            Acc#{Transfer => #{}};
+        {error, Reason} ->
+            ?tp(warning, "read_transferinfo_failed", #{
                 storage => Storage,
-                transfer => Transfer
+                transfer => Transfer,
+                reason => Reason
             }),
             Acc
     end.
@@ -365,7 +289,7 @@ read_transferinfo(Storage, Transfer, Acc) ->
 get_subdir(Storage, Transfer) ->
     mk_filedir(Storage, Transfer, []).
 
--spec get_subdir(storage(), transfer(), fragment | temporary | result) ->
+-spec get_subdir(storage(), transfer(), fragment | temporary) ->
     file:name().
 get_subdir(Storage, Transfer, What) ->
     mk_filedir(Storage, Transfer, get_subdirs_for(What)).
@@ -373,84 +297,12 @@ get_subdir(Storage, Transfer, What) ->
 get_subdirs_for(fragment) ->
     [?FRAGDIR];
 get_subdirs_for(temporary) ->
-    [?TEMPDIR];
-get_subdirs_for(result) ->
-    [?RESULTDIR].
-
-%%
-
--type handle() :: {file:name(), io:device(), crypto:hash_state()}.
-
--spec open_file(storage(), transfer(), filemeta()) ->
-    {ok, handle()} | {error, file_error()}.
-open_file(Storage, Transfer, Filemeta) ->
-    Filename = maps:get(name, Filemeta),
-    TempFilepath = mk_temp_filepath(Storage, Transfer, Filename),
-    _ = filelib:ensure_dir(TempFilepath),
-    case file:open(TempFilepath, [write, raw, binary]) of
-        {ok, Handle} ->
-            % TODO: preserve filemeta
-            {ok, {TempFilepath, Handle, init_checksum(Filemeta)}};
-        {error, _} = Error ->
-            Error
-    end.
-
--spec write(handle(), iodata()) ->
-    {ok, handle()} | {error, file_error()}.
-write({Filepath, IoDevice, Ctx}, IoData) ->
-    case file:write(IoDevice, IoData) of
-        ok ->
-            {ok, {Filepath, IoDevice, update_checksum(Ctx, IoData)}};
-        {error, _} = Error ->
-            Error
-    end.
-
--spec complete(storage(), transfer(), filemeta(), handle()) ->
-    ok | {error, {checksum, _Algo, _Computed}} | {error, file_error()}.
-complete(Storage, Transfer, Filemeta = #{name := Filename}, Handle = {Filepath, IoDevice, Ctx}) ->
-    TargetFilepath = mk_filepath(Storage, Transfer, get_subdirs_for(result), Filename),
-    case verify_checksum(Ctx, Filemeta) of
-        ok ->
-            ok = file:close(IoDevice),
-            mv_temp_file(Filepath, TargetFilepath);
-        {error, _} = Error ->
-            _ = discard(Handle),
-            Error
-    end.
-
--spec discard(handle()) ->
-    ok.
-discard({Filepath, IoDevice, _Ctx}) ->
-    ok = file:close(IoDevice),
-    file:delete(Filepath).
-
-init_checksum(#{checksum := {Algo, _}}) ->
-    crypto:hash_init(Algo);
-init_checksum(#{}) ->
-    undefined.
-
-update_checksum(Ctx, IoData) when Ctx /= undefined ->
-    crypto:hash_update(Ctx, IoData);
-update_checksum(undefined, _IoData) ->
-    undefined.
-
-verify_checksum(Ctx, #{checksum := {Algo, Digest}}) when Ctx /= undefined ->
-    case crypto:hash_final(Ctx) of
-        Digest ->
-            ok;
-        Mismatch ->
-            {error, {checksum, Algo, binary:encode_hex(Mismatch)}}
-    end;
-verify_checksum(undefined, _) ->
-    ok.
+    [?TEMPDIR].
 
 -define(PRELUDE(Vsn, Meta), [<<"filemeta">>, Vsn, Meta]).
 
 encode_filemeta(Meta) ->
-    % TODO: Looks like this should be hocon's responsibility.
-    Schema = emqx_ft_schema:schema(filemeta),
-    Term = hocon_tconf:make_serializable(Schema, emqx_map_lib:binary_key_map(Meta), #{}),
-    emqx_json:encode(?PRELUDE(_Vsn = 1, Term)).
+    emqx_json:encode(?PRELUDE(_Vsn = 1, emqx_ft:encode_filemeta(Meta))).
 
 decode_filemeta(Binary) when is_binary(Binary) ->
     ?PRELUDE(_Vsn = 1, Map) = emqx_json:decode(Binary, [return_maps]),
@@ -490,33 +342,12 @@ try_list_dir(Dirname) ->
     end.
 
 get_storage_root(Storage) ->
-    maps:get(root, Storage, filename:join(emqx:data_dir(), "file_transfer")).
+    maps:get(root, Storage, filename:join([emqx:data_dir(), "ft", "transfers"])).
 
 -include_lib("kernel/include/file.hrl").
 
-read_file(Filepath) ->
-    file:read_file(Filepath).
-
 read_file(Filepath, DecodeFun) ->
-    case read_file(Filepath) of
-        {ok, Content} ->
-            safe_decode(Content, DecodeFun);
-        {error, _} = Error ->
-            Error
-    end.
-
-safe_decode(Content, DecodeFun) ->
-    try
-        {ok, DecodeFun(Content)}
-    catch
-        C:E:Stacktrace ->
-            ?tp(warning, "safe_decode_failed", #{
-                class => C,
-                exception => E,
-                stacktrace => Stacktrace
-            }),
-            {error, corrupted}
-    end.
+    emqx_ft_fs_util:read_decode_file(Filepath, DecodeFun).
 
 write_file_atomic(Storage, Transfer, Filepath, Content) when is_binary(Content) ->
     TempFilepath = mk_temp_filepath(Storage, Transfer, filename:basename(Filepath)),
@@ -574,12 +405,6 @@ mk_filefrag(_Dirname, _Filename) ->
     }),
     false.
 
-mk_result_filefrag(Dirname, Filename) ->
-    % NOTE
-    % Any file in the `?RESULTDIR` subdir is currently considered the result of
-    % the file transfer.
-    mk_filefrag(Dirname, Filename, result, fun(_, _) -> {ok, #{}} end).
-
 mk_filefrag(Dirname, Filename, Tag, Fun) ->
     Filepath = filename:join(Dirname, Filename),
     % TODO error handling?
diff --git a/apps/emqx_ft/src/emqx_ft_storage_fs_gc.erl b/apps/emqx_ft/src/emqx_ft_storage_fs_gc.erl
index 58c5dbfdf..20e4f468d 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_ft/src/emqx_ft_storage_fs_gc.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_ft/src/emqx_ft_storage_fs_gc.erl
@@ -308,28 +308,18 @@ is_same_filepath(P1, P2) when is_binary(P1) ->
 filepath_to_binary(S) ->
     unicode:characters_to_binary(S, unicode, file:native_name_encoding()).
 
-get_segments_ttl(Storage, Transfer) ->
+get_segments_ttl(Storage, TransferInfo) ->
     {MinTTL, MaxTTL} = emqx_ft_conf:segments_ttl(Storage),
-    clamp(MinTTL, MaxTTL, try_get_filemeta_ttl(Storage, Transfer)).
+    clamp(MinTTL, MaxTTL, try_get_filemeta_ttl(TransferInfo)).
 
-try_get_filemeta_ttl(Storage, Transfer) ->
-    case emqx_ft_storage_fs:read_filemeta(Storage, Transfer) of
-        {ok, Filemeta} ->
-            maps:get(segments_ttl, Filemeta, undefined);
-        {error, _} ->
-            undefined
-    end.
+try_get_filemeta_ttl(#{filemeta := Filemeta}) ->
+    maps:get(segments_ttl, Filemeta, undefined);
+try_get_filemeta_ttl(#{}) ->
+    undefined.
 
 clamp(Min, Max, V) ->
     min(Max, max(Min, V)).
 
-% try_collect(_Subject, ok = Result, Then, _Stats) ->
-%     Then(Result);
-% try_collect(_Subject, {ok, Result}, Then, _Stats) ->
-%     Then(Result);
-% try_collect(Subject, {error, _} = Error, _Then, Stats) ->
-%     register_gcstat_error(Subject, Error, Stats).
-
 %%
 
 init_gcstats() ->
diff --git a/apps/emqx_ft/src/emqx_ft_storage_fs_proxy.erl b/apps/emqx_ft/src/emqx_ft_storage_fs_proxy.erl
index 7e19dd322..dbd0cd6dc 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_ft/src/emqx_ft_storage_fs_proxy.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_ft/src/emqx_ft_storage_fs_proxy.erl
@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@
 -export([
     list_local/2,
     pread_local/4,
-    get_ready_transfer_local/2,
-    ready_transfers_local/0
+    list_exports_local/0,
+    read_export_file_local/2
 ]).
 
 list_local(Transfer, What) ->
@@ -33,8 +33,18 @@ list_local(Transfer, What) ->
 pread_local(Transfer, Frag, Offset, Size) ->
     emqx_ft_storage:with_storage_type(local, pread, [Transfer, Frag, Offset, Size]).
 
-get_ready_transfer_local(CallerPid, Transfer) ->
-    emqx_ft_storage:with_storage_type(local, get_ready_transfer_local, [CallerPid, Transfer]).
+list_exports_local() ->
+    case emqx_ft_storage:with_storage_type(local, exporter, []) of
+        {emqx_ft_storage_exporter_fs, Options} ->
+            emqx_ft_storage_exporter_fs:list_local(Options);
+        InvalidExporter ->
+            {error, {invalid_exporter, InvalidExporter}}
+    end.
 
-ready_transfers_local() ->
-    emqx_ft_storage:with_storage_type(local, ready_transfers_local, []).
+read_export_file_local(Filepath, CallerPid) ->
+    case emqx_ft_storage:with_storage_type(local, exporter, []) of
+        {emqx_ft_storage_exporter_fs, Options} ->
+            emqx_ft_storage_exporter_fs:start_reader(Options, Filepath, CallerPid);
+        InvalidExporter ->
+            {error, {invalid_exporter, InvalidExporter}}
+    end.
diff --git a/apps/emqx_ft/src/proto/emqx_ft_storage_fs_proto_v1.erl b/apps/emqx_ft/src/proto/emqx_ft_storage_fs_proto_v1.erl
index e2c4c93d7..f152928fe 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_ft/src/proto/emqx_ft_storage_fs_proto_v1.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_ft/src/proto/emqx_ft_storage_fs_proto_v1.erl
@@ -22,8 +22,10 @@
 
 -export([multilist/3]).
 -export([pread/5]).
--export([ready_transfers/1]).
--export([get_ready_transfer/3]).
+
+%% TODO: These should be defined in a separate BPAPI
+-export([list_exports/1]).
+-export([read_export_file/3]).
 
 -type offset() :: emqx_ft:offset().
 -type transfer() :: emqx_ft:transfer().
@@ -44,19 +46,16 @@ multilist(Nodes, Transfer, What) ->
 pread(Node, Transfer, Frag, Offset, Size) ->
     erpc:call(Node, emqx_ft_storage_fs_proxy, pread_local, [Transfer, Frag, Offset, Size]).
 
--spec ready_transfers([node()]) ->
-    [
-        {ok, [{emqx_ft_storage:ready_transfer_id(), emqx_ft_storage:ready_transfer_info()}]}
-        | {error, term()}
-        | {exit, term()}
-        | {throw, term()}
-    ].
-ready_transfers(Nodes) ->
-    erpc:multicall(Nodes, emqx_ft_storage_fs_proxy, ready_transfers_local, []).
+%%
 
--spec get_ready_transfer(node(), pid(), emqx_ft_storage:ready_transfer_id()) ->
-    {ok, emqx_ft_storage:ready_transfer_data()}
+-spec list_exports([node()]) ->
+    emqx_rpc:erpc_multicall([emqx_ft_storage:export_info()]).
+list_exports(Nodes) ->
+    erpc:multicall(Nodes, emqx_ft_storage_fs_proxy, list_exports_local, []).
+
+-spec read_export_file(node(), file:name(), pid()) ->
+    {ok, emqx_ft_storage:export_data()}
     | {error, term()}
     | no_return().
-get_ready_transfer(Node, CallerPid, ReadyTransferId) ->
-    erpc:call(Node, emqx_ft_storage_fs_proxy, get_ready_transfer_local, [CallerPid, ReadyTransferId]).
+read_export_file(Node, Filepath, CallerPid) ->
+    erpc:call(Node, emqx_ft_storage_fs_proxy, read_export_file_local, [Filepath, CallerPid]).
diff --git a/apps/emqx_ft/test/emqx_ft_SUITE.erl b/apps/emqx_ft/test/emqx_ft_SUITE.erl
index 9c9087732..5fb384c16 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_ft/test/emqx_ft_SUITE.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_ft/test/emqx_ft_SUITE.erl
@@ -58,8 +58,9 @@ end_per_suite(_Config) ->
 set_special_configs(Config) ->
     fun
         (emqx_ft) ->
-            Root = emqx_ft_test_helpers:ft_root(Config, node()),
-            emqx_ft_test_helpers:load_config(#{storage => #{type => local, root => Root}});
+            emqx_ft_test_helpers:load_config(#{
+                storage => emqx_ft_test_helpers:local_storage(Config)
+            });
         (_) ->
             ok
     end.
@@ -108,8 +109,9 @@ mk_cluster_specs(Config) ->
         {conf, [{[listeners, Proto, default, enabled], false} || Proto <- [ssl, ws, wss]]},
         {env_handler, fun
             (emqx_ft) ->
-                Root = emqx_ft_test_helpers:ft_root(Config, node()),
-                emqx_ft_test_helpers:load_config(#{storage => #{type => local, root => Root}});
+                emqx_ft_test_helpers:load_config(#{
+                    storage => emqx_ft_test_helpers:local_storage(Config)
+                });
             (_) ->
                 ok
         end}
@@ -194,11 +196,10 @@ t_simple_transfer(Config) ->
         emqtt:publish(C, mk_fin_topic(FileId, Filesize), <<>>, 1)
     ),
 
-    [ReadyTransferId] = list_ready_transfers(?config(clientid, Config)),
-    {ok, TableQH} = emqx_ft_storage:get_ready_transfer(ReadyTransferId),
+    [Export] = list_exports(?config(clientid, Config)),
     ?assertEqual(
-        iolist_to_binary(Data),
-        iolist_to_binary(qlc:eval(TableQH))
+        {ok, iolist_to_binary(Data)},
+        read_export(Export)
     ).
 
 t_meta_conflict(Config) ->
@@ -424,11 +425,10 @@ t_switch_node(Config) ->
 
     %% Now check consistency of the file
 
-    [ReadyTransferId] = list_ready_transfers(ClientId),
-    {ok, TableQH} = emqx_ft_storage:get_ready_transfer(ReadyTransferId),
+    [Export] = list_exports(ClientId),
     ?assertEqual(
-        iolist_to_binary(Data),
-        iolist_to_binary(qlc:eval(TableQH))
+        {ok, iolist_to_binary(Data)},
+        read_export(Export)
     ).
 
 t_assemble_crash(Config) ->
@@ -501,27 +501,30 @@ t_unreliable_migrating_client(Config) ->
     ],
     _Context = run_commands(Commands, Context),
 
-    ReadyTransferIds = list_ready_transfers(?config(clientid, Config)),
+    Exports = list_exports(?config(clientid, Config)),
 
     % NOTE
     % The cluster had 2 assemblers running on two different nodes, because client sent `fin`
     % twice. This is currently expected, files must be identical anyway.
-    Node1Bin = atom_to_binary(Node1),
-    NodeSelfBin = atom_to_binary(NodeSelf),
+    Node1Str = atom_to_list(Node1),
+    NodeSelfStr = atom_to_list(NodeSelf),
     ?assertMatch(
-        [#{<<"node">> := Node1Bin}, #{<<"node">> := NodeSelfBin}],
-        lists:sort(ReadyTransferIds)
+        [#{"node" := Node1Str}, #{"node" := NodeSelfStr}],
+        lists:map(
+            fun(#{uri := URIString}) ->
+                #{query := QS} = uri_string:parse(URIString),
+                uri_string:dissect_query(QS)
+            end,
+            lists:sort(Exports)
+        )
     ),
 
     [
-        begin
-            {ok, TableQH} = emqx_ft_storage:get_ready_transfer(Id),
-            ?assertEqual(
-                Payload,
-                iolist_to_binary(qlc:eval(TableQH))
-            )
-        end
-     || Id <- ReadyTransferIds
+        ?assertEqual(
+            {ok, Payload},
+            read_export(Export)
+        )
+     || Export <- Exports
     ].
 
 run_commands(Commands, Context) ->
@@ -620,10 +623,10 @@ meta(FileName, Data) ->
         size => byte_size(FullData)
     }.
 
-list_ready_transfers(ClientId) ->
-    {ok, ReadyTransfers} = emqx_ft_storage:ready_transfers(),
-    [
-        Id
-     || {#{<<"clientid">> := CId} = Id, _Info} <- ReadyTransfers,
-        CId == ClientId
-    ].
+list_exports(ClientId) ->
+    {ok, Exports} = emqx_ft_storage:exports(),
+    [Export || Export = #{transfer := {CId, _}} <- Exports, CId == ClientId].
+
+read_export(#{path := AbsFilepath}) ->
+    % TODO: only works for the local filesystem exporter right now
+    file:read_file(AbsFilepath).
diff --git a/apps/emqx_ft/test/emqx_ft_api_SUITE.erl b/apps/emqx_ft/test/emqx_ft_api_SUITE.erl
index 7b191e229..aff4d864c 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_ft/test/emqx_ft_api_SUITE.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_ft/test/emqx_ft_api_SUITE.erl
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 
 -include_lib("emqx/include/asserts.hrl").
 
--import(emqx_mgmt_api_test_util, [request/3, uri/1]).
+-import(emqx_mgmt_api_test_util, [uri/1]).
 
 all() -> emqx_common_test_helpers:all(?MODULE).
 
@@ -41,8 +41,9 @@ end_per_suite(_Config) ->
 set_special_configs(Config) ->
     fun
         (emqx_ft) ->
-            Root = emqx_ft_test_helpers:ft_root(Config, node()),
-            emqx_ft_test_helpers:load_config(#{storage => #{type => local, root => Root}});
+            emqx_ft_test_helpers:load_config(#{
+                storage => emqx_ft_test_helpers:local_storage(Config)
+            });
         (_) ->
             ok
     end.
@@ -61,40 +62,25 @@ t_list_ready_transfers(Config) ->
 
     ok = emqx_ft_test_helpers:upload_file(ClientId, <<"f1">>, <<"data">>, node()),
 
-    {ok, 200, Response} = request(get, uri(["file_transfer", "files"])),
-
-    #{<<"files">> := Files} = emqx_json:decode(Response, [return_maps]),
+    {ok, 200, #{<<"files">> := Files}} =
+        request(get, uri(["file_transfer", "files"]), fun json/1),
 
     ?assertInclude(
-        #{<<"id">> := #{<<"clientid">> := ClientId, <<"fileid">> := <<"f1">>}},
+        #{<<"clientid">> := ClientId, <<"fileid">> := <<"f1">>},
         Files
     ).
 
-%% This shouldn't happen in real life
-%% but we need to test it anyway
-t_list_ready_transfers_no_nodes(_Config) ->
-    _ = meck:new(mria_mnesia, [passthrough]),
-    _ = meck:expect(mria_mnesia, running_nodes, fun() -> [] end),
-
-    ?assertMatch(
-        {ok, 503, _},
-        request(get, uri(["file_transfer", "files"]))
-    ).
-
 t_download_transfer(Config) ->
     ClientId = client_id(Config),
 
     ok = emqx_ft_test_helpers:upload_file(ClientId, <<"f1">>, <<"data">>, node()),
 
     ?assertMatch(
-        {ok, 503, _},
+        {ok, 400, #{<<"code">> := <<"BAD_REQUEST">>}},
         request(
             get,
-            uri(["file_transfer", "file"]) ++
-                query(#{
-                    clientid => ClientId,
-                    fileid => <<"f1">>
-                })
+            uri(["file_transfer", "file"]) ++ query(#{fileref => <<"f1">>}),
+            fun json/1
         )
     ),
 
@@ -104,8 +90,7 @@ t_download_transfer(Config) ->
             get,
             uri(["file_transfer", "file"]) ++
                 query(#{
-                    clientid => ClientId,
-                    fileid => <<"f1">>,
+                    fileref => <<"f1">>,
                     node => <<"nonode@nohost">>
                 })
         )
@@ -117,22 +102,16 @@ t_download_transfer(Config) ->
             get,
             uri(["file_transfer", "file"]) ++
                 query(#{
-                    clientid => ClientId,
-                    fileid => <<"unknown_file">>,
+                    fileref => <<"unknown_file">>,
                     node => node()
                 })
         )
     ),
 
-    {ok, 200, Response} = request(
-        get,
-        uri(["file_transfer", "file"]) ++
-            query(#{
-                clientid => ClientId,
-                fileid => <<"f1">>,
-                node => node()
-            })
-    ),
+    {ok, 200, #{<<"files">> := [File]}} =
+        request(get, uri(["file_transfer", "files"]), fun json/1),
+
+    {ok, 200, Response} = request(get, uri([]) ++ maps:get(<<"uri">>, File)),
 
     ?assertEqual(
         <<"data">>,
@@ -147,7 +126,18 @@ client_id(Config) ->
     atom_to_binary(?config(tc, Config), utf8).
 
 request(Method, Url) ->
-    request(Method, Url, []).
+    emqx_mgmt_api_test_util:request(Method, Url, []).
+
+request(Method, Url, Decoder) when is_function(Decoder) ->
+    case emqx_mgmt_api_test_util:request(Method, Url, []) of
+        {ok, Code, Body} ->
+            {ok, Code, Decoder(Body)};
+        Otherwise ->
+            Otherwise
+    end.
+
+json(Body) when is_binary(Body) ->
+    emqx_json:decode(Body, [return_maps]).
 
 query(Params) ->
     KVs = lists:map(fun({K, V}) -> uri_encode(K) ++ "=" ++ uri_encode(V) end, maps:to_list(Params)),
diff --git a/apps/emqx_ft/test/emqx_ft_assembler_SUITE.erl b/apps/emqx_ft/test/emqx_ft_assembler_SUITE.erl
index 8df471deb..4c7c0f08c 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_ft/test/emqx_ft_assembler_SUITE.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_ft/test/emqx_ft_assembler_SUITE.erl
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ init_per_testcase(TC, Config) ->
     {ok, Pid} = emqx_ft_assembler_sup:start_link(),
     [
         {storage_root, "file_transfer_root"},
+        {exports_root, "file_transfer_exports"},
         {file_id, atom_to_binary(TC)},
         {assembler_sup, Pid}
         | Config
@@ -85,11 +86,12 @@ t_assemble_empty_transfer(Config) ->
     ),
     Status = complete_assemble(Storage, Transfer, 0),
     ?assertEqual({shutdown, ok}, Status),
-    {ok, [Result = #{size := Size = 0}]} = emqx_ft_storage_fs:list(Storage, Transfer, result),
-    ?assertEqual(
-        {error, eof},
-        emqx_ft_storage_fs:pread(Storage, Transfer, Result, 0, Size)
-    ),
+    {ok, [_Result = #{size := _Size = 0}]} =
+        emqx_ft_storage_fs:exports_local(Storage, Transfer),
+    % ?assertEqual(
+    %     {error, eof},
+    %     emqx_ft_storage_fs:pread(Storage, Transfer, Result, 0, Size)
+    % ),
     ok.
 
 t_assemble_complete_local_transfer(Config) ->
@@ -133,12 +135,13 @@ t_assemble_complete_local_transfer(Config) ->
         {ok, [
             #{
                 size := TransferSize,
-                fragment := {result, #{}}
+                meta := #{}
             }
         ]},
-        emqx_ft_storage_fs:list(Storage, Transfer, result)
+        emqx_ft_storage_fs:exports_local(Storage, Transfer)
     ),
-    {ok, [#{path := AssemblyFilename}]} = emqx_ft_storage_fs:list(Storage, Transfer, result),
+    {ok, [#{path := AssemblyFilename}]} =
+        emqx_ft_storage_fs:exports_local(Storage, Transfer),
     ?assertMatch(
         {ok, #file_info{type = regular, size = TransferSize}},
         file:read_file_info(AssemblyFilename)
@@ -191,18 +194,23 @@ complete_assemble(Storage, Transfer, Size, Timeout) ->
 
 t_list_transfers(Config) ->
     Storage = storage(Config),
+    {ok, Exports} = emqx_ft_storage_fs:exports_local(Storage),
     ?assertMatch(
-        {ok, #{
-            {?CLIENTID1, <<"t_assemble_empty_transfer">>} := #{
-                status := complete,
-                result := [#{path := _, size := 0, fragment := {result, _}}]
+        [
+            #{
+                transfer := {?CLIENTID2, <<"t_assemble_complete_local_transfer">>},
+                path := _,
+                size := Size,
+                meta := #{name := "topsecret.pdf"}
             },
-            {?CLIENTID2, <<"t_assemble_complete_local_transfer">>} := #{
-                status := complete,
-                result := [#{path := _, size := Size, fragment := {result, _}}]
+            #{
+                transfer := {?CLIENTID1, <<"t_assemble_empty_transfer">>},
+                path := _,
+                size := 0,
+                meta := #{name := "important.pdf"}
             }
-        }} when Size > 0,
-        emqx_ft_storage_fs:transfers(Storage)
+        ] when Size > 0,
+        lists:sort(Exports)
     ).
 
 %%
@@ -232,5 +240,9 @@ mk_fileid() ->
 storage(Config) ->
     #{
         type => local,
-        root => ?config(storage_root, Config)
+        root => ?config(storage_root, Config),
+        exporter => #{
+            type => local,
+            root => ?config(exports_root, Config)
+        }
     }.
diff --git a/apps/emqx_ft/test/emqx_ft_conf_SUITE.erl b/apps/emqx_ft/test/emqx_ft_conf_SUITE.erl
index 314b4a5f2..e43abf095 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_ft/test/emqx_ft_conf_SUITE.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_ft/test/emqx_ft_conf_SUITE.erl
@@ -56,7 +56,16 @@ t_update_config(_Config) ->
         {ok, _},
         emqx_conf:update(
             [file_transfer],
-            #{<<"storage">> => #{<<"type">> => <<"local">>, <<"root">> => <<"/tmp/path">>}},
+            #{
+                <<"storage">> => #{
+                    <<"type">> => <<"local">>,
+                    <<"root">> => <<"/tmp/path">>,
+                    <<"exporter">> => #{
+                        <<"type">> => <<"local">>,
+                        <<"root">> => <<"/tmp/exports">>
+                    }
+                }
+            },
             #{}
         )
     ),
diff --git a/apps/emqx_ft/test/emqx_ft_storage_fs_SUITE.erl b/apps/emqx_ft/test/emqx_ft_storage_fs_SUITE.erl
index 5551cce27..5b3f56b7d 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_ft/test/emqx_ft_storage_fs_SUITE.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_ft/test/emqx_ft_storage_fs_SUITE.erl
@@ -22,11 +22,8 @@
 -include_lib("common_test/include/ct.hrl").
 -include_lib("stdlib/include/assert.hrl").
 
--include_lib("emqx/include/asserts.hrl").
-
 all() ->
     [
-        {group, single_node},
         {group, cluster}
     ].
 
@@ -34,7 +31,6 @@ all() ->
 
 groups() ->
     [
-        {single_node, [sequence], emqx_common_test_helpers:all(?MODULE) -- ?CLUSTER_CASES},
         {cluster, [sequence], ?CLUSTER_CASES}
     ].
 
@@ -48,8 +44,9 @@ end_per_suite(_Config) ->
 set_special_configs(Config) ->
     fun
         (emqx_ft) ->
-            Root = emqx_ft_test_helpers:ft_root(Config, node()),
-            emqx_ft_test_helpers:load_config(#{storage => #{type => local, root => Root}});
+            emqx_ft_test_helpers:load_config(#{
+                storage => emqx_ft_test_helpers:local_storage(Config)
+            });
         (_) ->
             ok
     end.
@@ -74,47 +71,19 @@ end_per_group(_Group, _Config) ->
 %% Tests
 %%--------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-t_invalid_ready_transfer_id(Config) ->
-    ?assertMatch(
-        {error, _},
-        emqx_ft_storage_fs:get_ready_transfer(storage(Config), #{
-            <<"clientid">> => client_id(Config),
-            <<"fileid">> => <<"fileid">>,
-            <<"node">> => atom_to_binary('nonexistent@127.0.0.1')
-        })
-    ),
-    ?assertMatch(
-        {error, _},
-        emqx_ft_storage_fs:get_ready_transfer(storage(Config), #{
-            <<"clientid">> => client_id(Config),
-            <<"fileid">> => <<"fileid">>,
-            <<"node">> => <<"nonexistent_as_atom@127.0.0.1">>
-        })
-    ),
-    ?assertMatch(
-        {error, _},
-        emqx_ft_storage_fs:get_ready_transfer(storage(Config), #{
-            <<"clientid">> => client_id(Config),
-            <<"fileid">> => <<"nonexistent_file">>,
-            <<"node">> => node()
-        })
-    ).
-
 t_multinode_ready_transfers(Config) ->
     Node1 = ?config(additional_node, Config),
-    ok = emqx_ft_test_helpers:upload_file(<<"c1">>, <<"f1">>, <<"data">>, Node1),
+    ok = emqx_ft_test_helpers:upload_file(<<"c/1">>, <<"f:1">>, "fn1", <<"data">>, Node1),
 
     Node2 = node(),
-    ok = emqx_ft_test_helpers:upload_file(<<"c2">>, <<"f2">>, <<"data">>, Node2),
+    ok = emqx_ft_test_helpers:upload_file(<<"c/2">>, <<"f:2">>, "fn2", <<"data">>, Node2),
 
-    ?assertInclude(
-        #{<<"clientid">> := <<"c1">>, <<"fileid">> := <<"f1">>},
-        ready_transfer_ids(Config)
-    ),
-
-    ?assertInclude(
-        #{<<"clientid">> := <<"c2">>, <<"fileid">> := <<"f2">>},
-        ready_transfer_ids(Config)
+    ?assertMatch(
+        [
+            #{transfer := {<<"c/1">>, <<"f:1">>}, name := "fn1"},
+            #{transfer := {<<"c/2">>, <<"f:2">>}, name := "fn2"}
+        ],
+        lists:sort(list_exports(Config))
     ).
 
 %%--------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -127,13 +96,13 @@ client_id(Config) ->
 storage(Config) ->
     #{
         type => local,
-        root => ft_root(Config)
+        root => emqx_ft_test_helpers:root(Config, node(), ["transfers"]),
+        exporter => #{
+            type => local,
+            root => emqx_ft_test_helpers:root(Config, node(), ["exports"])
+        }
     }.
 
-ft_root(Config) ->
-    emqx_ft_test_helpers:ft_root(Config, node()).
-
-ready_transfer_ids(Config) ->
-    {ok, ReadyTransfers} = emqx_ft_storage_fs:ready_transfers(storage(Config)),
-    {ReadyTransferIds, _} = lists:unzip(ReadyTransfers),
-    ReadyTransferIds.
+list_exports(Config) ->
+    {ok, Exports} = emqx_ft_storage_fs:exports(storage(Config)),
+    Exports.
diff --git a/apps/emqx_ft/test/emqx_ft_storage_fs_gc_SUITE.erl b/apps/emqx_ft/test/emqx_ft_storage_fs_gc_SUITE.erl
index 89e9eb970..25cd200f1 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_ft/test/emqx_ft_storage_fs_gc_SUITE.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_ft/test/emqx_ft_storage_fs_gc_SUITE.erl
@@ -41,7 +41,14 @@ init_per_testcase(TC, Config) ->
         emqx_ft,
         fun(emqx_ft) ->
             emqx_ft_test_helpers:load_config(#{
-                storage => #{type => local, root => mk_root(TC, Config)}
+                storage => #{
+                    type => local,
+                    root => emqx_ft_test_helpers:root(Config, node(), [TC, transfers]),
+                    exporter => #{
+                        type => local,
+                        root => emqx_ft_test_helpers:root(Config, node(), [TC, exports])
+                    }
+                }
             })
         end
     ),
@@ -53,9 +60,6 @@ end_per_testcase(_TC, _Config) ->
     ok = application:stop(emqx_ft),
     ok.
 
-mk_root(TC, Config) ->
-    filename:join([?config(priv_dir, Config), "file_transfer", TC, atom_to_list(node())]).
-
 %%
 
 -define(NSEGS(Filesize, SegmentSize), (ceil(Filesize / SegmentSize) + 1)).
diff --git a/apps/emqx_ft/test/emqx_ft_test_helpers.erl b/apps/emqx_ft/test/emqx_ft_test_helpers.erl
index b756f8034..e62c74d81 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_ft/test/emqx_ft_test_helpers.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_ft/test/emqx_ft_test_helpers.erl
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ start_additional_node(Config, Name) ->
             {configure_gen_rpc, true},
             {env_handler, fun
                 (emqx_ft) ->
-                    load_config(#{storage => #{type => local, root => ft_root(Config, node())}});
+                    load_config(#{storage => local_storage(Config)});
                 (_) ->
                     ok
             end}
@@ -43,6 +43,13 @@ stop_additional_node(Node) ->
     ok = emqx_common_test_helpers:stop_slave(Node),
     ok.
 
+local_storage(Config) ->
+    #{
+        type => local,
+        root => root(Config, node(), [transfers]),
+        exporter => #{type => local, root => root(Config, node(), [exports])}
+    }.
+
 load_config(Config) ->
     emqx_common_test_helpers:load_config(emqx_ft_schema, #{file_transfer => Config}).
 
@@ -50,10 +57,8 @@ tcp_port(Node) ->
     {_, Port} = rpc:call(Node, emqx_config, get, [[listeners, tcp, default, bind]]),
     Port.
 
-ft_root(Config, Node) ->
-    filename:join([
-        ?config(priv_dir, Config), <<"file_transfer">>, atom_to_binary(Node)
-    ]).
+root(Config, Node, Tail) ->
+    filename:join([?config(priv_dir, Config), "file_transfer", Node | Tail]).
 
 upload_file(ClientId, FileId, Data, Node) ->
     Port = tcp_port(Node),