diff --git a/apps/emqx_ds_builtin_raft/test/emqx_ds_replication_SUITE.erl b/apps/emqx_ds_builtin_raft/test/emqx_ds_replication_SUITE.erl
index 9b53bddff..146b69e2b 100644
--- a/apps/emqx_ds_builtin_raft/test/emqx_ds_replication_SUITE.erl
+++ b/apps/emqx_ds_builtin_raft/test/emqx_ds_replication_SUITE.erl
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ t_rebalance(Config) ->
             %% Verify that the set of shard servers matches the target allocation.
             Allocation = [ds_repl_meta(N, my_shards, [?DB]) || N <- Nodes],
             ShardServers = [
-                shard_server_info(N, ?DB, Shard, Site, readiness)
+                {{Shard, N}, shard_server_info(N, ?DB, Shard, Site, readiness)}
              || {N, Site, Shards} <- lists:zip3(Nodes, Sites, Allocation),
                 Shard <- Shards
             ],
@@ -416,10 +416,8 @@ t_rebalance_chaotic_converges(Config) ->
             Opts = opts(Config, #{n_shards => 16, n_sites => 2, replication_factor => 3}),
 
             %% Open DB:
-            ?assertEqual(
-                [{ok, ok}, {ok, ok}, {ok, ok}],
-                erpc:multicall([N1, N2, N3], emqx_ds, open_db, [?DB, Opts])
-            ),
+            assert_db_open(Nodes, ?DB, Opts),
+            assert_db_stable(Nodes, ?DB),
 
             %% Kick N3 from the replica set as the initial condition:
             ?assertMatch(
@@ -922,12 +920,47 @@ kill_restart_node(Node, Spec, DBOpts) ->
 
 %%
 
+assert_db_open(Nodes, DB, Opts) ->
+    ?assertEqual(
+        [{ok, ok} || _ <- Nodes],
+        erpc:multicall(Nodes, emqx_ds, open_db, [DB, Opts])
+    ).
+
+assert_db_stable(Nodes = [N1 | _], DB) ->
+    Shards = shards(N1, DB),
+    ?assertMatch(
+        _Leadership = [_ | _],
+        db_leadership(Nodes, DB, Shards)
+    ).
+
+%%
+
+db_leadership(Nodes, DB, Shards) ->
+    Leadership = [{S, shard_leadership(Nodes, DB, S)} || S <- Shards],
+    Inconsistent = [SL || SL = {_, Leaders} <- Leadership, map_size(Leaders) > 1],
+    case Inconsistent of
+        [] ->
+            Leadership;
+        [_ | _] ->
+            {error, inconsistent, Inconsistent}
+    end.
+
+shard_leadership(Nodes, DB, Shard) ->
+    lists:foldl(
+        fun(N, Acc) -> Acc#{shard_leader(N, DB, Shard) => N} end,
+        #{},
+        Nodes
+    ).
+
+shard_leader(Node, DB, Shard) ->
+    shard_server_info(Node, DB, Shard, ds_repl_meta(Node, this_site), leader).
+
 shard_server_info(Node, DB, Shard, Site, Info) ->
     ?ON(
         Node,
         begin
             Server = emqx_ds_replication_layer_shard:shard_server(DB, Shard, Site),
-            {Server, emqx_ds_replication_layer_shard:server_info(Info, Server)}
+            emqx_ds_replication_layer_shard:server_info(Info, Server)
         end
     ).